Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior (vol

INDEX Vol. 1: pp. 1–474; Vol. 2: pp. 475–946
Opioid withdrawal—(Continued)
pharmacotherapy for, 1252–1253
symptoms of, 392
Opioids, 227–232, 466–467, 796–801. See
also specific opioids, e.g., Morphine
abuse liability of, 241, 989–990
acute effects of, 316
addiction to (See Opioid dependence)
aggression and, 53, 241
alcohol interactions with, 435
allergic response to, 105
as analgesics (See Opioid analgesics)
animal testing of, 986
antagonists for, 1252, 1253
British use of, 1009–1010
buprenorphine and, 206
caffeine and, 210
carbohydrate metabolism and, 297
carcinogenicity of, 220
chemical structure of, 799, 800
clonidine and, 261–263
complications from, 801–807
neurological, 334–335
crime and, 365–367
cue-assessment studies using, 237
as designer drugs, 383–384
drug interactions and, 436
endocrine disorders and, 296, 297, 298,
321
endogeneous (See Endogeneous opioids)
enkephalins, 800
epidemics, 491
history of, 813–820
iatrogenic addiction to, 619, 620,
621–622
imaging techniques and, 625
legislative control of, 817–820
for medicinal use, 813–817
memory and, 712
narcotics term, 754
neonatal withdrawal and, 538–540
peptides of, 712, 779, 800
personality and, 842
pharmacokinetics of, 847
during pregnancy, 892–898
prescribed, for addiction
in Britain, 201–204
receptors for (See Opioid receptors)
reinforcement and, 689
Rolleston Committee and, 1010–1011
self-administration of, 689
subjective effects of, 983
tolerance to, 227
treatment for abuse of (See Opioid
addiction treatment)
Vietnam War and, 1309–1312
withdrawal from (See Opioid withdrawal)
women’s use of, 1356
Opium, 820–822, 833, 875–876. See also
Opioids
from Afghanistan, 660–661, 663,
665–666
as antidiarrheal, 681–682, 742, 743,
835–836
Asian use and trade of, 143–144
carcinogenicity of, 220
from China, 253–254, 662–663
codeine from, 272
from Colombia, 284, 655–656, 660–661,
664
crop control of, 660
cultivation of, 373, 813
in Dover’s powder, 416–417
epidemics, 490
foreign policy and, 545–546
from the Golden Crescent, 663
from the Golden Triangle, 660–663
from Guatemala, 655–656, 660–661, 664
Harrison Act and, 591–592
heroin from (See Heroin)
from India, 660–661
from Iran, 660–661, 663, 665–666
from Laos, 660–661, 662
from Latin America, 663–664
laudanum from, 681–682
from Lebanon, 660–661
in medications, 417
from Mexico, 660–661, 663–664,
665–666, 725–728
from Middle East, 665–666
from Myanmar, 660–661
from Pakistan, 660–661, 663, 665–666
plant, 821
Terry & Pellens study on, 1082–1083
from Thailand, 660–661
Opium Advisory Committee. See League of
Nations, Opium Advisory
Committee
Opium dens, 816
The Opium Problem, 1083
Opium Wars (1839-1842), 143, 821, 876,
1009
Opportunity blocking and drunk driving,
473
Oppositional defiant disorder, 154
Oral contraception, 220, 1103
Oral disorders
alcohol and, 220
betel nut mixtures and, 184
Oral Health America, 1105
Oral route of administration
alcohol concentration times, 860
animal research on, 987, 993
complications from, 340–341
pharmacokinetics and, 849, 850
for THC, 1084
Oregon, decriminalization and, 701, 838
O’Reilly, Richard T., 839
Orfila Corp., 783–784
Organized crime
in Colombia, 284, 658–660
financial analysis and, 443–444
gangs and, 566
in Italy, 667
money laundering and, 546, 740–741
Prohibition and, 935
terrorism and, 1080–1082
OSAP. See Center for Substance Abuse
Prevention
O’Shaughnessy, Dr., 593
Osiris (Egyptian deity), 77–78
Osmond, Humphrey, 588, 1024
Osteoporosis and alcohol, 338
OTC drugs. See Over-the-counter drugs
OTI. See Office for Treatment Improvement
Outpatient programs, 1216–1217
for cocaine addiction, 1159–1160
group therapy and, 1239
vs. inpatient, 1249–1250
Minnesota Model, 1244–1246
nonmethadone, 1220
TOPS study and, 1132–1133
Over-the-counter drugs, 823–824, 824
advertising and, 42, 43
for alcohol withdrawal, 1342
amphetamines, 115
caffeine in, 210, 211
Dehydroepiandrosterone, 124
elderly and, 56, 57–60, 61
Overdose, 822, 1247
alcohol-drug interactions and, 435
antidotes for, 136–137
1850
of barbiturates, 109, 159, 162, 164
of benzodiazepines, 1021
of caffeine, 213
in children, 248
of glutethimide, 579
of heroin, 596
in Italy, 669, 670
of methanol, 723
of nicotine, 784, 1101
of opiates, 227
of phencyclidine, 866–867, 869
Overeating, 822–823
Overgeneralizing. See Abstinence violation
effect
Own-price elasticity, 167–168
Oxazepam, 172, 173, 177, 178
Oxford House, 68, 90, 1136–1137
Oxidation (Drug metabolism), 446–447
Oxotremorine, 710
Oxycodone, 824, 824–825, 831–832
Oxymetholone, 123, 220
Oxymorphone, 825, 825
vs. naloxone, 751
vs. oxycodone, 824
P. Lorillard, 1094
Pacific Islands. See also Philippines
alcohol use in, 81
betel nut use in, 182–183
Pagan, Carlos, 1138
Pain, 827–828. See also Chronic pain
acute vs. chronic, 829
analgesics for (See Analgesics)
animal research on, 977
brain stem and, 193
drugs for, 828–833, 830, 831 (See also
Analgesics)
iatrogenic addiction and, 619–622
morphine for, 828
Painkillers. See Analgesics
Pakistan
crop control in, 375–376
as opium source, 143, 663, 665–666,
1054
tea use in, 1076
Pamelor. See Nortriptyline
Panama, coca paste use in, 264–265
Panax species. See Ginseng
Pancreas
alcohol and, 322
glucose metabolism and, 297
Panic disorder, 139
benzodiazepines for, 174
LSD-related, 693–694
substance abuse and, 329
Papaversomniferum, 833. See also Opium
Papua New Guinea, betel nut use in, 183
PAR (Parental Awareness and
Responsibility), 1137–1138
Paracelsus, 813–814
Paracrine communication, 777
Paradoxical reactions
to barbiturates, 160, 164
to benzodiazepines, 175, 180
to stimulants, 242
Paraldehyde, 1019
Paranoid personality disorder, 843
Paranoid psychosis
amphetamine-induced, 53, 112
cocaine-induced, 224–225, 265, 270
methamphetamine-induced, 723
methylphenidate-induced, 724–725
Paranoid state and alcohol, 293
P