Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior (vol

Vol. 3: pp. 947–1372; Vol. 4: pp. 1373–1864 INDEX
weight gain and, 1107–1108
Nicotine withdrawal, 785, 1205,
1348–1351, 1349
cognitive function and, 1349
symptoms of, 392
Nicotrol. See Patches (Nicotine)
NIDA. See National Institute on Drug Abuse
Niemann, Albert, 268
Nightshade family
jimsonweed, 675, 1017
scopolamine and atropine, 1017
tobacco (See Tobacco)
Nikoban. See Lobeline
NIMH-DIS. See National Institute of Mental
Health
Nitrate cardiovascular drugs, 1352
Nitrazepam, 173, 178
Nitrogen mustard. See Mustard gas
Nitroglycerin, 59, 1352
Nitrous oxide. See also Inhalant addiction
epidemics of, 490
inhalant addiction of, 642, 644–645
Nixon, Richard M.
Anslinger, Harry J. and, 133
drug agencies and, 1289
Marihuana Commission and, 700, 701
naltrexone and, 753
NIAAA and, 1124
ODALE and, 1295
Operation Intercept and, 794
SAODAP and, 818–819, 1113, 1278,
1300, 1301
Vietnam War drug use and, 730,
1309–1310
‘‘War on drugs’’ and, 491, 884, 1126,
1284
workplace policies and, 634
NMDA, 952
alcohol and, 233
phencyclidine and, 862
NNBIS. See National Narcotics Border
Interdiction System
NNICC. See National Narcotics Intelligence
Consumer Committee
No Hiding Place, 504
Noctec. See Chloral hydrate
Nonamnesiac memory impairment, 711
Nonmedical detoxification, 1246–1249
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors, 1061
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, 59,
257, 829–831
Nonsynaptic communication, 777
Norephedrine, 678, 678–679
Norepinephrine, 790–791
amphetamines and, 111, 224
chemical structure of, 590
clonidine and, 262, 263
cocaine and, 111, 224
conversion of, 223
euphoric properties of drugs and,
193–194, 196
gambling and, 563
hallucinogens and, 589–590
harmine and, 157
memory and, 712
neurotransmission and, 777–779,
780–781
Norfolk State Hospital (Massachusetts),
1120–1122
Normalization, in Netherlands, 769–770
NORML. See National Organization for the
Reform of Marijuana Laws
Norpramin. See Desipramine
Nortriptyline, 135–136, 1089, 1350
Norwich State Hospital (Connecticut), 1122
NSAIDS. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
agents
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 635
Nucleoside analogues, 1061
Nucleus accumbens, 791
cocaine effects on, 226
opioids effects on, 228
reinforcement and, 194–195, 196,
688–689
stimulants and, 193–194
Nucleus (Neurons), 773–775
Nutmeg, 587, 791, 791
Nutritional complications, 336–340
alcohol and, 72–73, 75, 304, 304, 323
cocaine and, 301
pregnancy and, 895–896, 898
Nutt, Levi G., 936
N.W. Ayer advertising agency, 1094
Nystagmus and alcohol, 76–77, 940–941
Nyswander, Marie, 716, 717, 818–819,
1125
Nytol. See Diphenhydramine
O
Obesity, 793–794
alcohol and, 337
amphetamines for, 111, 385
anorectic agents for (See Anorectic agents)
Obregon, Alvaro, 726–727
O’Brien, William B., 1135
Observational studies and behavior, 976
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 844
excessive behaviors and, 822–823
symptoms of, 139
Occipital lobe, 192
Ochoa brothers, 286, 660
ODALE. See Office of Drug Abuse Law
Enforcement
ODAP. See Office of Drug Abuse Policy
Office for Substance Abuse Prevention. See
Center for Substance Abuse
Prevention
Office for Treatment Improvement, 1128.
See also Center for Substance
Abuse Treatment
Office of Drug Abuse Law Enforcement,
1295–1296. See also Drug
Enforcement Agency
BNDD and, 1289
strategy and, 1284
Office of Drug Abuse Policy, 1296–1297.
See also Drug Policy Office
border management and, 190
Congress and, 1287
EOP and, 1279, 1284–1285
Office of Drug Court Policy, 217
Office of Economic Opportunity, 1125–1126
Office of Justice Programs, 1273
Office of Management and Budget
BNDD and, 1289
FDM and, 1278–1279, 1284
Office of National and International Drug
Operations and Policy, 1287
Office of National Drug Control Policy,
1297–1300
Congress and, 1287
Customs Service and, 1304–1305
EOP and, 1281, 1286
forfeiture and, 1273
formation of, 1128
substance abuse research and, 1277–1278
on TASC, 217
Office of National Narcotics Intelligence,
1289. See also Drug Enforcement
Agency
1849
Office of National Service, 1299–1300
Office of Smoking and Health, 1100–1101
Office of the Inspector General, 479–480
Oklahoma, boot-camp prison, 1028–1029
Olfactory tubercle, 193–194
OMB. See Office of Management and Budget
Ombudsman program, 917–918
OMNIBUS Recommendation Act of 1981,
427
Omnibus Reconciliation Drug Act of 1987,
1054
On the Uses of Wine in Health and Disease,
336
On Liberty, 883
Ondansetron, 206, 705
ONDCP. See Office of National Drug Control
Policy
1-methyl, 4-phenyl, 1, 2, 3, 6tetrahydropyridine.
See MPTP
1-methyl, 4-propionoxy, 4-phenylpyridine.
See MPPP
1, 1, 1-trichloroethane, 645
ONNI. See Office of National Narcotics
Intelligence
Open Society Foundation, 450
Operant conditioning, 234–235, 237–239,
1217
amphetamines and, 112–113
animal research on, 979, 997–998,
1002–1006, 1003
intracranial self-stimulation and,
995–996
vs. classical, 998
cocaine and, 270
phencyclidine and, 864–865
psychological treatment and, 1256–1257
Operation Intercept, 727, 794–796
Operation PAR, Inc., 1137–1138
Operation Understanding, 759
Operation Weed and Seed, 908–909
Opiates. See Opioids
Opioid addiction treatment, 811, 969–970.
See also Methadone maintenance
programs
heroid (See Heroin addiction treatment)
pharmacological methods, 1252–1254
Opioid analgesics, 128–129, 799–800,
827–828, 830, 831, 831–832, 876
for chronic pain, 257
codeine as, 272
dihydromorphine as, 397
driving and, 14–15
heroin as, 594–595
hydromorphone as, 618
meperidine as, 713–714
methadone as, 715
morphine as, 742–743, 827–828
oxycodone as, 824
oxymorphone as, 825
phenylpiperidines as, 713, 799–800
propoxyphene as, 937
Opioid dependence, 425–426, 808–813
Opioid receptors, 467, 797, 797–798
alcohol pharmacotherapy and, 1154
codeine and, 272
drug interactions and, 436–437
dynorphin and, 474
immunological complications and, 303
location of, 227
mixed agonist-antagonists and, 63
morphine and, 742–743
naltrexone and, 262
neuronal network hypothesis and, 196
Opioid withdrawal, 228–232, 467,
752–753, 802–804
clonidine for, 261–263