childcare-50years

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5 orders being made in the 1970s and 1980s but these do not truly reflect the number of juvenile offenders. Over recent years efforts have been made to separate children who were sent to training schools as being in need of care, protection and control from those who were adjudicated offenders. This separation was formalised in 1995 when under the provisions of the Children (NI) Order 1995, training schools were required to provide separate accommodation for care and offender cases. The training schools were not seen to be very effective in preventing re-offending. A research study, Juvenile Offenders and Reconviction in Northern Ireland, based on an analysis of all juveniles convicted of an offence in 1991, found that 86 per cent of juveniles sentenced to a training school order were re-convicted within 2 years of sentence. Under the provisions of the Criminal Justice (Children) (NI) Order 1998 the training schools were replaced by juvenile justice centres in February 1999 , using the existing training schools premises and staff. Unlike the training school order, the new juvenile justice centre order (JJC Order) is a determinate sentence that, in the majority of cases, comprises 3 months in the juvenile justice centre followed by 3 months supervision in the community by a probation officer, although the courts can make a JJC Order of 2 years duration in serious cases. In such cases the maximum length of time spent in custody is 12 months followed by 12 months supervision in the community. Courts considering making a JJC Order must first have regard to whether the offence meets the seriousness criteria set down in the Criminal Justice(Northern Ireland) Order 1996. This is a significant move from the treatment model of working with child offenders towards a more explicitly criminal justice model. It is, in part, a recognition that lengthy residential treatment for child offenders has not worked and, in part, a recognition that the length of time in custody should bear some relationship to the seriousness of the offending involved. The emphasis in custodial centres now focuses more directly on working with the child on his or her offending behaviour, although other development needs are taken into account. 50 YEARS OF CHILD CARE IN NORTHERN IRELAND 112
5 The decline in numbers of young people receiving custodial sentences has resulted in the closure of some of the existing secure accommodation. Lisnevin Juvenile Justice Centre, which is located in premises built on the design of a category C prison, has long been considered unsuitable for children. Following a public consultation, the Northern Ireland Office (NIO) has recently determined that the two remaining juvenile justice centres, which were housed in the former training schools at Bangor and Millisle, are to be replaced by a single, purpose built, juvenile justice centre. The principle objectives of the new centre will be to challenge and reduce offending behaviour through the provision of programmes to address such behaviour, and to keep juvenile offenders in a safe and secure environment. It will also be an objective of the new centre to seek to assist the young people who are sent there to prepare constructively for their return to the community. With the introduction of the Children and Young Persons Act (Northern Ireland) 1968 the age of criminal responsibility was raised to 10 where it has since remained. The recent review of the criminal justice system in Northern Ireland which was provided for in the Belfast Agreement considered whether there should be any change in the age of criminal responsibility. It concluded that the age of criminal responsibility should remain at 10 years of age. However, it also recommended that children aged between 10 - 13 inclusively, who are found guilty of criminal offences and who require to be held in custody, should not be sent to juvenile justice centres, but that their accommodation needs should be provided for by the secure care system. Trends in juvenile offending since 1950 It is difficult to establish with any degree of accuracy the amount of crime committed by juveniles as a significant proportion of all crime is not reported to the police and not all the crime that is reported is cleared up. Therefore, official police crime statistics do not give an accurate picture of the extent of juvenile crime, although they may give some indication of trends. 50 YEARS OF CHILD CARE IN NORTHERN IRELAND 113
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50 A Better Future 40 30 20 10 Depa
Page 5 and 6:
PREFACE There is both an acceptance
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Finally, I am indebted to Mr Selwoo
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1 decisions, taken in the late 1940
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1 1946 which resulted in the Childr
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1 recognition of the effect of the
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Chapter FOSTER CARE 2 Background an
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2 adequacy of the supply of foster
Page 21 and 22:
2 residential care to children wher
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Both these issues were addressed in
Page 25 and 26:
2 "On balance and taking into accou
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2 Numbers of children fostered and
Page 29 and 30:
2 Safeguarding children in foster c
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2 Prior to the adoption of the Nati
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2 • encourages partnership workin
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2 "The most important general issue
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2 The main achievements in foster c
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2 The Human Rights Act 1998, also b
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3 Adoption of Children Act (NI) 192
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The social context to 1947 3 Povert
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The management and structure of ado
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3 cent were under 2 years. Third pa
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3 baby boy: the child's mother did
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3 The management and structure of a
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3 Adoption (NI) Order 1987 however
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3 figures available show that in 19
Page 58 and 59:
3 situations, Catholic lists remain
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3 The Adoption Allowances Regulatio
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3 population) had been freed or wer
Page 64 and 65: 3 Table 4 - Number of children adop
Page 66 and 67: 3 could be assured within the law t
Page 68 and 69: adoption. In the near future, few p
Page 70 and 71: 3 The post placement and post adopt
Page 72 and 73: 3 professional responsibility for s
Page 74 and 75: 3 Church of Ireland Adoption Societ
Page 76 and 77: 3 • the establishment of speciali
Page 78 and 79: 4 During the 1950s the main concern
Page 80 and 81: 4 • every attempt was to be made
Page 82 and 83: 4 failed, however, to anticipate th
Page 84 and 85: 4 "Boards should seek to reduce the
Page 86 and 87: 4 taken to ensure that these childr
Page 88 and 89: 4 Practice, however, soon establish
Page 90 and 91: 4 • the need for a complaints pro
Page 92 and 93: 4 Kincora, as early as 1967, there
Page 94 and 95: 4 • there were social, economic a
Page 96 and 97: 4 Table 7 - Number of children in c
Page 98 and 99: 4 The Child Welfare Council Report
Page 100 and 101: 4 within homes as a consequence of
Page 102 and 103: 4 The past 50 years have, therefore
Page 104 and 105: 4 The devolved administration, the
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 JUVENILE OFFENDING Develo
Page 109 and 110: 5 • the view that imprisonment wa
Page 111 and 112: 5 the order did not appear as a cri
Page 113: 5 Having commenced with a small gro
Page 117 and 118: 5 considerably, juvenile liaison bu
Page 119 and 120: 5 years the percentage of cases giv
Page 121 and 122: 3. Working with young offenders req
Page 123 and 124: 5 remanded or placed in a secure un
Page 125 and 126: Chapter DISABLED CHILDREN Introduct
Page 127 and 128: 6 In the absence of a full and read
Page 129 and 130: 6 in Northern Ireland designed to p
Page 131 and 132: 6 are known are receiving either ca
Page 133 and 134: 6 other conditions. This became the
Page 135 and 136: 6 cent of children who fell within
Page 137 and 138: 6 Sixteen percent of parents said t
Page 139 and 140: 6 The treatment of handicapping con
Page 141 and 142: 6 Nursing Team) and the Children's
Page 143 and 144: 6 The 1950 Children and Young Perso
Page 145 and 146: 6 them) her young siblings made a j
Page 147 and 148: 6 Legislation and the development o
Page 149 and 150: 6 based homes and hostels. Some chi
Page 151 and 152: 6 The Children Order was implemente
Page 153 and 154: 6 In an ever-changing social contex
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 CHILD PROTECTION Origins
Page 157 and 158: 7 the 1908 Act did not allow such a
Page 159 and 160: 7 under the supervision of a probat
Page 161 and 162: 7 Boards to set up registers on chi
Page 163 and 164: 7 supposed satanic abuse in the Ork
Page 165 and 166:
7 can be uncomfortable to the profe
Page 167 and 168:
7 Work like this is not given much
Page 169 and 170:
7 Alongside these educational progr
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7 the responsibility of one agency
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Chapter SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION & TRA
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8 basic qualification in social wor
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8 proposed a two year generic socia
Page 179 and 180:
8 in Residential Care for Children
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8 CCETSW's report "Care for Tomorro
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• high expectations are placed on
Page 185 and 186:
8 people that are involved across a
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8 7. Since the 1990s there has been
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9 Because our society is in the pro
Page 192 and 193:
9 specific commitment to improve co
Page 194 and 195:
9 who wish to work in the care serv
Page 196 and 197:
9 establish a contract with SCIE to
Page 199 and 200:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • ‘Adoption of Chi
Page 201 and 202:
• Department of Health, ‘Adopti
Page 203 and 204:
• O’Halloran, K. ‘Adoption La
Page 205 and 206:
• Tresiliotis, J. Shireman, J. an
Page 208:
ISBN 0-946932-07-7 Published by: De
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