childcare-50years

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2 and provide a firm basis for both internal and external examination of the quality of the service provided. Practice developments within the social context It is hard for us to imagine a time in the United Kingdom when dead babies were left in gutters and young children fended for themselves on the streets as described in Mayhew's Study of London Life 1851. It was, however, events like these, which spurred nineteenth century social reformers such as Dr Barnardos, Mary Carpenter and Thomas Coram. The general harshness of life in the 19th century for children throughout the United Kingdom is unimaginable now. In pursuit of disciplining and training children, parents and others used many harsh methods. In the 19th century fostering was viewed as a means of separating children from their "feckless" or undeserving parents and of better fitting them for employment and independence. No arrangements were in place to enable children placed with foster parents to have ongoing contact with their parents or family of origin. Indeed, such contact was positively discouraged to prevent them copying the "moral laxity" of their parents. They were also frequently separated from their siblings, with again no effort made to facilitate contact either through direct or indirect means. During this period children were also not encouraged to express their views, the conventional wisdom being that "children should be seen but not heard". A dramatic shift in these attitudes and practices is apparent from the legislative and policy context established by the Children Order and its associated regulations and guidance. Now a legislative base is available which: • promotes parental responsibility and provides for its termination only through adoption; • encourages care, where consistent with safeguarding and promoting the welfare of a child, within the family of origin; 50 YEARS OF CHILD CARE IN NORTHERN IRELAND 30
2 • encourages partnership working with parents, children and all other relevant parties; • promotes listening to and respecting the views of children when decisions are being made about them; • facilitates sibling groups being cared for together, where possible; and • encourages the placement of children near to their families to facilitate ongoing contact. The thinking within the Children Order, is, however, the culmination of shifts in societal attitudes to children and their care which have changed dramatically over the past century. As Eileen Younghusband noted "the new understanding of the emotional needs of children began to seep through in the late 1940s with explosive consequences over the years for the child care services" (Eileen Younghusband, "Social Work in Britain: 1950-1975"). The development of child care between 1948-1970 was strongly influenced by the public concern resulting from the evacuation of children during the war, the Curtis Report, the death of Denis O'Neill and the post-war determination to break with the past and provide greatly improved services. This was also a time when fostering was being powerfully promoted and underpinned by a legislative bias in its favour. The Children and Young Persons (NI) Act 1950 for the first time enabled relatives or friends to provide care for children. It sought to secure the child's care with a parent/relative, previously fostering had been used to break this bond. It encouraged child care officers to rehabilitate children to their parents' care where this is consistent with the child's welfare. Section 1(3) stated: "the welfare authority shall in all cases where it appears to them consistent with the welfare of the child so to do, endeavour to secure the care of the child is taken over either 50 YEARS OF CHILD CARE IN NORTHERN IRELAND 31
Page 1: 50 A Better Future 40 30 20 10 Depa
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE There is both an acceptance
Page 7: Finally, I am indebted to Mr Selwoo
Page 10 and 11: 1 decisions, taken in the late 1940
Page 12 and 13: 1 1946 which resulted in the Childr
Page 14 and 15: 1 recognition of the effect of the
Page 17 and 18: Chapter FOSTER CARE 2 Background an
Page 19 and 20: 2 adequacy of the supply of foster
Page 21 and 22: 2 residential care to children wher
Page 23 and 24: Both these issues were addressed in
Page 25 and 26: 2 "On balance and taking into accou
Page 27 and 28: 2 Numbers of children fostered and
Page 29 and 30: 2 Safeguarding children in foster c
Page 31: 2 Prior to the adoption of the Nati
Page 35 and 36: 2 "The most important general issue
Page 37 and 38: 2 The main achievements in foster c
Page 39: 2 The Human Rights Act 1998, also b
Page 42 and 43: 3 Adoption of Children Act (NI) 192
Page 44 and 45: The social context to 1947 3 Povert
Page 46 and 47: The management and structure of ado
Page 48 and 49: 3 cent were under 2 years. Third pa
Page 50 and 51: 3 baby boy: the child's mother did
Page 52 and 53: 3 The management and structure of a
Page 54 and 55: 3 Adoption (NI) Order 1987 however
Page 56 and 57: 3 figures available show that in 19
Page 58 and 59: 3 situations, Catholic lists remain
Page 60 and 61: 3 The Adoption Allowances Regulatio
Page 62 and 63: 3 population) had been freed or wer
Page 64 and 65: 3 Table 4 - Number of children adop
Page 66 and 67: 3 could be assured within the law t
Page 68 and 69: adoption. In the near future, few p
Page 70 and 71: 3 The post placement and post adopt
Page 72 and 73: 3 professional responsibility for s
Page 74 and 75: 3 Church of Ireland Adoption Societ
Page 76 and 77: 3 • the establishment of speciali
Page 78 and 79: 4 During the 1950s the main concern
Page 80 and 81: 4 • every attempt was to be made
Page 82 and 83:
4 failed, however, to anticipate th
Page 84 and 85:
4 "Boards should seek to reduce the
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4 taken to ensure that these childr
Page 88 and 89:
4 Practice, however, soon establish
Page 90 and 91:
4 • the need for a complaints pro
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4 Kincora, as early as 1967, there
Page 94 and 95:
4 • there were social, economic a
Page 96 and 97:
4 Table 7 - Number of children in c
Page 98 and 99:
4 The Child Welfare Council Report
Page 100 and 101:
4 within homes as a consequence of
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4 The past 50 years have, therefore
Page 104 and 105:
4 The devolved administration, the
Page 107 and 108:
Chapter 5 JUVENILE OFFENDING Develo
Page 109 and 110:
5 • the view that imprisonment wa
Page 111 and 112:
5 the order did not appear as a cri
Page 113 and 114:
5 Having commenced with a small gro
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5 The decline in numbers of young p
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5 considerably, juvenile liaison bu
Page 119 and 120:
5 years the percentage of cases giv
Page 121 and 122:
3. Working with young offenders req
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5 remanded or placed in a secure un
Page 125 and 126:
Chapter DISABLED CHILDREN Introduct
Page 127 and 128:
6 In the absence of a full and read
Page 129 and 130:
6 in Northern Ireland designed to p
Page 131 and 132:
6 are known are receiving either ca
Page 133 and 134:
6 other conditions. This became the
Page 135 and 136:
6 cent of children who fell within
Page 137 and 138:
6 Sixteen percent of parents said t
Page 139 and 140:
6 The treatment of handicapping con
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6 Nursing Team) and the Children's
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6 The 1950 Children and Young Perso
Page 145 and 146:
6 them) her young siblings made a j
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6 Legislation and the development o
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6 based homes and hostels. Some chi
Page 151 and 152:
6 The Children Order was implemente
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6 In an ever-changing social contex
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Chapter 7 CHILD PROTECTION Origins
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7 the 1908 Act did not allow such a
Page 159 and 160:
7 under the supervision of a probat
Page 161 and 162:
7 Boards to set up registers on chi
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7 supposed satanic abuse in the Ork
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7 can be uncomfortable to the profe
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7 Work like this is not given much
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7 Alongside these educational progr
Page 171 and 172:
7 the responsibility of one agency
Page 173 and 174:
Chapter SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION & TRA
Page 175 and 176:
8 basic qualification in social wor
Page 177 and 178:
8 proposed a two year generic socia
Page 179 and 180:
8 in Residential Care for Children
Page 181 and 182:
8 CCETSW's report "Care for Tomorro
Page 183 and 184:
• high expectations are placed on
Page 185 and 186:
8 people that are involved across a
Page 187:
8 7. Since the 1990s there has been
Page 190 and 191:
9 Because our society is in the pro
Page 192 and 193:
9 specific commitment to improve co
Page 194 and 195:
9 who wish to work in the care serv
Page 196 and 197:
9 establish a contract with SCIE to
Page 199 and 200:
BIBLIOGRAPHY • ‘Adoption of Chi
Page 201 and 202:
• Department of Health, ‘Adopti
Page 203 and 204:
• O’Halloran, K. ‘Adoption La
Page 205 and 206:
• Tresiliotis, J. Shireman, J. an
Page 208:
ISBN 0-946932-07-7 Published by: De
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