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Aprendendo com as agrobacterias - Biotecnologia

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endogâmic<strong>as</strong>, (P 1<br />

x P 2<br />

), híbrido simples;<br />

de três linhagens endogâmic<strong>as</strong>,<br />

[(P 1<br />

x P 2<br />

) x P 3<br />

], híbrido triplo; ou de<br />

quatro linhagens endogâmic<strong>as</strong>, [(P 1<br />

x<br />

P 2<br />

) x (P 3<br />

x P 4<br />

)], híbrido duplo. Além d<strong>as</strong><br />

linhagens endogâmic<strong>as</strong>, podem-se utilizar<br />

variedades de polinização aberta,<br />

clones ou linh<strong>as</strong> pur<strong>as</strong> na obtenção dos<br />

híbridos.<br />

Clone<br />

O clone é constituído por um grupo<br />

de indivíduos que descendem, por<br />

propagação <strong>as</strong>sexuada, de um único<br />

genitor. Os clones são heterozigóticos<br />

e, em geral, homogêneos. Os indivíduos<br />

de um mesmo clone são geneticamente<br />

idênticos.<br />

N<strong>as</strong> espécies de propagação<br />

<strong>as</strong>sexuada, há uma correlação positiva<br />

entre grau de heterozigose e vigor.<br />

Por isso, <strong>as</strong> variedades clonais são em<br />

geral altamente heterozigótic<strong>as</strong>.<br />

Outros tipos de cultivares <strong>com</strong>o<br />

multilinh<strong>as</strong>, sintéticos, variedades de<br />

polinização aberta e outr<strong>as</strong> podem<br />

eventualmente ser utilizad<strong>as</strong> pelos<br />

agricultores.<br />

Conclusões<br />

Genes convencionais ou transgenes<br />

não possuem capacidade autônoma<br />

de reprodução ou de multiplicação por<br />

si só. Para a perpetuação de um gene<br />

ele precisa estar inserido em uma planta<br />

ou em uma de su<strong>as</strong> partes, que<br />

possua viabilidade, a exemplo d<strong>as</strong> sementes.<br />

Referênci<strong>as</strong> bibliográfic<strong>as</strong><br />

ADAMS, M.W., SHANK, D.B.<br />

The relationship of heterozigosity<br />

to homeost<strong>as</strong>is in maize hybrids.<br />

Genetics, 44:777-787.<br />

BOREM, A. 2003. Melhoramento<br />

de plant<strong>as</strong>. Viçosa Editora UFV.<br />

500p.<br />

BOREM, A. 1999. Melhoramento<br />

de especies cultivad<strong>as</strong>. Viçosa<br />

Editora UFV. 816p.<br />

BORLANG, N.E. 1959. The use<br />

of multilineal or <strong>com</strong>posite varieties<br />

to control airborne epidemic<br />

dise<strong>as</strong>es of self-pollinated crop<br />

plants. In: INT. WHEAT GENET.<br />

SYMP. UNIVERSITY OF<br />

MANITOBA, 1. Proceedings...<br />

Winnipeg, University of Manitoba.<br />

p. 12-26.<br />

BROWNING, J.A., FREY, K.J.<br />

1969. Multiline cultivars <strong>as</strong> a means<br />

of dise<strong>as</strong>e control. Annu. Rev.<br />

Phytopathol., 7:355-382.<br />

DICKERSON, G.E. 1963.<br />

Biological interpretations of the<br />

genetic parameters of populations<br />

pp. 95-107. In: HANSON, W.D.,<br />

ROBINSON, H.F. (Eds.). Statistical<br />

genetics and plant breeding. W<strong>as</strong>hington,<br />

D.C. (Pub. 982. NAS-<br />

NRC).<br />

EBERHART, S.A., RUSSEL, W.A.<br />

1969. Yield and stability for a 10-<br />

line diallel of single-cross and<br />

double-cross maize hybrids. Crop<br />

Sci., 9:357-361.<br />

FREY, K.J., CHANDHANA-<br />

MUTTA, P. 1975. Spontaneous<br />

mutations <strong>as</strong> a source of variation<br />

in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid<br />

oats (Avena spp.) Egypt. J.<br />

Genet. Cyto., 4:238-249.<br />

HARLAN, H.V., MARTINI, M.L.,<br />

HARLAN, S. 1940. A study of<br />

methods in barley breeding. W<strong>as</strong>hington:<br />

USDA.<br />

HARLAN, J.R. 1971. Agricultural<br />

origins: Centers and noncenters.<br />

Science, 174:468-474.<br />

HARLAN, J.R., WET de, J.M.J.<br />

1971. Toward a rational cl<strong>as</strong>sification<br />

of cultivated plants. Taxon,<br />

20:509-517.<br />

INTERNATIONAL CODE OF<br />

NOMENCLATURE FOR CULTIVA-<br />

TED PLANTS. 1980. Reg. Veget.,<br />

4:7-32.<br />

KEMPTHORNE, O. 1957. An<br />

introduction to genetic statistics.<br />

New York: John Wiley Sons.<br />

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCI-<br />

ENCE, 1972. Genetic vulnerability<br />

of major crops. W<strong>as</strong>hington, D.C.<br />

PFEIFFER, T.W., SURYATI, D.,<br />

EGLI, D.B. 1991. Soybean plant<br />

introductions selected for seed<br />

filling period or yield: performance<br />

of parents. Crop Sci., 1:1418-1421.<br />

SCHNELL, F.W. 1975. Type of<br />

variety and average performance<br />

in hibrid maize Z. Pflanzenzucht,<br />

74:177-184.<br />

SCHOENER, C.S., FEHR, W.R.<br />

1979. Utilization of plant<br />

introductions in soybean<br />

populations. Crop Sci., 19:185-188.<br />

SHANDS, H.L., WIESNER, L.E.<br />

1991. Use of plant introductions in<br />

cultivar development: proceedings<br />

of a symposium. (CSSA publicação<br />

especial, 17).<br />

SPRAGUE, G.F., JENKINS, M.T.<br />

1943. A <strong>com</strong>parison of synthetic<br />

varieties, multiple crosses, and<br />

double crosses in corn. J. Am. Soc.<br />

Agron., 35:137-147.<br />

SPRAGUE, G.F. 1967. Plant<br />

breeding. Annu. Rev. Genet.,<br />

1:196-294.<br />

SUNESON, C.A. 1956.<br />

Evolutionary plant breeding. Agron.<br />

J., 48:188-190.<br />

VAVILOV, N.I. 1951. The origin,<br />

variation, immunity, and breeding<br />

of cultivated plants. Translated<br />

from Russian by K. Starr Chester.<br />

(Chronica Botanica, 1/6.).<br />

WEATHERSPOON, J.H. 1970.<br />

Comparative yield of single, threeway,<br />

and double-crosses of maize.<br />

Crop Sci., 10:157-159.<br />

WHEAT, J.G., FREY, K.J. 1961.<br />

Number of lines needed in oatvariety<br />

purification. Crop Sci.,<br />

53:39-41.<br />

ZEVEN, A.C. 1980. The spread<br />

of bread wheat over the old world<br />

since the neolithicum <strong>as</strong> indicated<br />

by its genotype for hybrid necrosis.<br />

J. Agric. Trad. Bota. Appl., 27:19-<br />

45.<br />

<strong>Biotecnologia</strong> Ciência & Desenvolvimento n.32 - janeiro/junho 2004 63

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