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1Èëüìåíñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé çàïîâåäíèê èì. Â. È. Ëåíèíà ÓðÎ ÐÀÍ2Èëüìåíñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé çàïîâåäíèê èì. Â. È. Ëåíèíà ÓðÎ ÐÀÍ, dubinin.aleks@mail.ru Â ñòàòüå ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ñâÿçü âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ ñîñíûîáûêíîâåííîé â ðàçëè÷íûõ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõóñëîâèÿõ ñ äàâíîñòüþ èíòåíñèâíûõ íèçîâûõ ïîæàðîâíà òåððèòîðèè Èëüìåíñêîãî çàïîâåäíèêà (×åëÿáèíñêàÿîáëàñòü).Óñòîé÷èâûå íèçîâûå ïîæàðû ïðèâîäÿò ê ïîëíîìóóíè÷òîæåíèþ èìåþùåãîñÿ íà ìîìåíò ïîæàðà ïîäðîñòà,êîòîðûé â äàëüíåéøåì ôîðìèðóåòñÿ çàíîâî íà ôîíåïîñëåïîæàðíûõ ñóêöåññèé íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâ è ñóùåñòâåííîãîïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ âåðõíèõ ãîðèçîíòîâ ïî÷â.Îñîáîå çíà÷åíèå â âîçîáíîâëåíèè äðåâåñíûõ ïîðîä íàó÷àñòêàõ ãîðåëüíèêîâ èìååò ôîðìèðîâàíèå ñïåöèôè÷åñêîéïîñëåïîæàðíîé ìîçàèêè â ñòðóêòóðå íèæíèõ ÿðóñîâðàñòèòåëüíîñòè è òåññåðèçàöèÿ ïî÷â â ðåçóëüòàòåíåîäèíàêîâîé ãëóáèíû è èíòåíñèâíîñòè ïðîãîðàíèÿâåðõíèõ îðãàíîãåííûõ ãîðèçîíòîâ. Â ðåçóëüòàòå óæå íàñëåäóþùèé ãîä ïîñëå ïîæàðà â ñîñíÿêàõ-ãîðåëüíèêàõîáðàçóåòñÿ ñâîåîáðàçíàÿ ãîðèçîíòàëüíàÿ ñòðóêòóðà íàïî÷âåííîãîïîêðîâà, ïðåäñòàâëåííàÿ ÷åðåäîâàíèåììåðòâîïîêðîâíûõ ïÿòåí (ïîä êðîíàìè äåðåâüåâ, íà âûõîäàõêàìíåé, â ìåñòàõ áûâøåãî ñêîïëåíèÿ êðóïíîãîãîðþ÷åãî ìàòåðèàëà) ñ ìèêðîó÷àñòêàìè èíòåíñèâíîãîîòðàñòàíèÿ òðàâ è êóñòàðíè÷êîâ èëè çàíÿòûìè ïèîíåðíûìèìèêðîãðóïïèðîâêàìè (èç êèïðåÿ, ìàëèíû, ìåëêîëåïåñòíèêàêàíàäñêîãî). Â ñóõèõ òèïàõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé(I ãð. ÒËÓ) ìåðòâîïîêðîâíûå ïÿòíà ìîãóò çàíèìàòü äî40 – 50% ïëîùàäè, ÿâëÿÿñü â äàëüíåéøåì çîíàìè èíòåíñèâíîãîâîçîáíîâëåíèÿ ñîñíû è äðóãèõ äðåâåñíûõïîðîä è ñîõðàíÿÿ ñâîå çíà÷åíèå â òå÷åíèå 20 – 30 è áîëååëåò èç-çà íèçêîãî ïðîåêòèâíîãî ïîêðûòèÿ ôîðìèðóþùåãîñÿçäåñü òðàâÿíèñòîãî ïîêðîâà. Â ìåíåå æåñòêèõóñëîâèÿõ âëàãîîáåñïå÷åííîñòè ïî÷â (II ãð. ÒËÓ) ìåðòâîïîêðîâíûåïÿòíà çàíèìàþò îòíîñèòåëüíî ìåíüøóþïëîùàäü, çàðàñòàþò áîëåå áûñòðî è ñîõðàíÿþò ñâîåçíà÷åíèå «öåíòðîâ» âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ áîëåå êîðîòêîåâðåìÿ (äî 10 – 20 ëåò). Â ãðóïïå ñâåæèõ ñîñíÿêîâ (III ãð.ÒËÓ) ïîñëåäñòâèÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ìåðòâîïîêðîâíûõ ïÿòåíåùå áîëåå êðàòêîâðåìåííû (çàðàñòàþò â òå÷åíèå8 – 12 ëåò ïîñëå ïîæàðà).Âñåãî âûäåëåíî ÷åòûðå ïîñòïèðîãåííûõ ñîñòîÿíèÿíàñàæäåíèé: 6 – 7, 12 – 14, 27 – 32 è 50 – 52 ãîäà ïîñëåïîæàðà, êàæäîå èç êîòîðûõ ïðåäñòàâëåíî 1 – 4 ïðîáíûìèïëîùàäÿìè. Íà ðèñóíêå îòðàæåíà äèíàìèêà ñóììàðíîé÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäðîñòà ñîñíû â ðàçíûõ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõóñëîâèÿõ íà ðàçëè÷íûõ ñòàäèÿõ ïîñëåïîæàðíûõñóêöåññèé, áåç ó÷åòà âñõîäîâ è äâóõëåòíèõ ñåÿíöåâ.Â ñóõèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ñî âðåìåíåì ïðîèñõîäèòíåóêëîííîå âîçðàñòàíèå îáùèõ çàïàñîâ ïîäðîñòà. Â ïåðèîäè÷åñêèñóõèõ óñëîâèÿõ ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäðîñòà îòíîñèòåëüíîñòàáèëüíà, äîñòèãàÿ óðîâíÿ 40 òûñ. øò./ãà ê30 ãîäàì ïîñëå ïîæàðà. Â óñëîâèÿõ óìåðåííî âëàæíûõýêîòîïîâ ïîëîæèòåëüíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íèçîâûõ ïîæàðîâñíèæåíî è ïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ òîëüêî â ãðóïïå ñàìûõ ìîëîäûõôðàêöèé ïîäðîñòà â ïåðâûå 6 – 8 ëåò ïîñëå ïîæàðà;â äàëüíåéøåì ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäðîñòà ñîñíû íåóêëîííîñíèæàåòñÿ.Íà îñíîâå ïîëó÷åííûõ äàííûõ ïîñòðîåíû êðèâûåçàâèñèìîñòè ÷èñëåííîñòè îòäåëüíûõ âîçðàñòíûõ ãðóïïïîäðîñòà îò äàâíîñòè ïîæàðà. Ñåìåéñòâî êðèâûõ äëÿ Iãðóïïû ÒËÓ íàãëÿäíî èëëþñòðèðóåò, êàê óñå÷åííûéâîçðàñòíîé ñïåêòð ïîäðîñòà â ïåðâûå 6 – 7 ëåò ïîñëåïîæàðà ïîñòåïåííî òðàíñôîðìèðóåòñÿ â ïîëíî÷ëåííûéñïóñòÿ 50 ëåò ïîñëå ïîæàðà, êîãäà íàñàæäåíèå äîñòèãàåòñîñòîÿíèÿ, áëèçêîãî ê óñëîâíî êîðåííîìó òèïó ëåñà.Ïîëó÷åííàÿ äëÿ ýòîé ñòàäèè ïîñëåïîæàðíîãî ðàçâèòèÿêðèâàÿ âîçðàñòîâ ïîäðîñòà ñîñíû èìååò ïëàâíûé õàðàêòåðè ïî ôîðìå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñòàáèëüíîìó âîçðàñòíîìóðàñïðåäåëåíèþ.Íàáîð êðèâûõ äëÿ II ãðóïïû ÒËÓ ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òîïðîöåññû íîâîîáðàçîâàíèÿ è îòìèðàíèÿ ïîäðîñòà âîñíîâíîì ñîñðåäîòî÷åíû â ïåðâûõ äâóõ âîçðàñòíûõãðóïïàõ (1 – 5 è 6 – 10 ëåò), äàëüíåéøåå ïîïîëíåíèåáëîêà ïîäðîñòà áîëåå ñòàðøèìè ãåíåðàöèÿìè ðåçêî ñîêðàùàåòñÿ.Ïîêàçàòåëüíî, ÷òî â ïåðâûå 30 ëåò ïîñëå ïîæàðàïðîñëåæèâàåòñÿ ïîëîæèòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå íèçîâûõïîæàðîâ íà ÷èñëåííîñòü ïîäðîñòà è áîëåå ñòàðøåãîâîçðàñòà.Çàâèñèìîñòü ñóììàðíîé ÷èñëåííîñòè ïîäðîñòà ñîñíû (òûñ./ãà)îò äàâíîñòè ïîæàðà (áåç ó÷åòà âñõîäîâ è äâóõëåòíèõ ñåÿíöåâ).I – III — ãðóïïû òèïîâ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõ óñëîâèé.Àãðàðíàÿ Ðîññèÿ. <strong>2009</strong>. Ñïåöèàëüíûé âûïóñê 167
Â ñâåæèõ òèïàõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé (III ãð. ÒËÓ) ïðèòîêíîâûõ ãåíåðàöèé ñîñíîâîãî ïîäðîñòà çíà÷èòåëüíî ñíèæàåòñÿè â ìëàäøåé ÷àñòè âîçðàñòíîãî ñïåêòðà, à ê8 – 10 ãîäàì ïðîèñõîäèò åãî ïîëíîå èñòîùåíèå.Íàèáîëåå îïòèìàëüíîå ñîîòíîøåíèå ïðîöåññîâ íîâîîáðàçîâàíèÿè îòìèðàíèÿ ñàìîñåâà ñîñíû ñêëàäûâàåòñÿâ ãðóïïå ñîñíÿêîâ ñóõèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, ãäå íà çàêëþ÷èòåëüíûõñòàäèÿõ ïîñòïèðîãåííûõ ñóêöåññèéôîðìèðóþòñÿ ïîëíî÷ëåííûå âîçðàñòíûå ñïåêòðû ïîäðîñòà,íàèáîëåå ïîëíî îòâå÷àþùèå êðèòåðèÿì ñòàáèëüíîãîâîçðàñòíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ (ïëàâíûé âîçîáíîâèòåëüíûéïðîöåññ). Â ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ñóõèõ ëåñîðàñòèòåëüíûõóñëîâèÿõ, íåñìîòðÿ íà èíòåíñèâíîå ïîïîëíåíèåïîäðîñòà íîâûìè ãåíåðàöèÿìè îñîáåé â ãîäû îáèëüíîãîñåìåíîøåíèÿ äðåâîñòîåâ, ïðîöåññû îòìèðàíèÿîñíîâíîé ÷àñòè ñàìîñåâà ñîñíû çàâåðøàþòñÿ ê 30 ãîäàì,à â ñîñòàâå ïîäðîñòà ïðåîáëàäàþò ìëàäøèå ïîêîëåíèÿ(äî 10 ëåò). Â ñâåæèõ ñîñíÿêàõ èç-çà îòíîñèòåëüíîñëàáîãî ïîâðåæäåíèÿ äðåâîñòîåâ îãíåì è áîëåå áûñòðîãîâîññòàíîâëåíèÿ ÿðóñà òðàâ, îáðàçóþòñÿ óêîðî-÷åííûå âîçðàñòíûå ñïåêòðû ïîäðîñòà, ïðåäñòàâëåííûåòîëüêî ìëàäøèìè ãåíåðàöèÿìè; ê 8 – 10 ãîäàì ïîäðîñòïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îòìèðàåò (âîëíîâîé õàðàêòåð âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ).Â îñíîâå âûÿâëåííûõ ðàçëè÷èé â óðîâíÿõ âîçîáíîâëåíèÿè íîðìàõ ðåàêöèé ïîäðîñòà ñîñíû â ðàçíûõòèïàõ ñîñíÿêîâ-ãîðåëüíèêîâ â êîíå÷íîì ñ÷åòå ëåæàò èçìåíåíèÿâ ðåæèìàõ êîíêóðåíöèè, âûçâàííûå ïîæàðàìè.Ïîñëåäíèå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðè÷èíîé ëîêàëüíûõ íàðóøåíèéâ ñòðóêòóðå ñîîáùåñòâ, ôîðìèðóÿ õàðàêòåðíóþ ïîñëåïîæàðíóþìîçàèêó â äðåâîñòîå è íèæíèõ ÿðóñàõ èñïîñîáñòâóþò ïîÿâëåíèþ ñâîáîäíûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõíèø, ïðèãîäíûõ äëÿ îáèëüíîãî ïîÿâëåíèÿ âñõîäîâ èóñïåøíîãî ïðèæèâàíèÿ ñàìîñåâà ñîñíû. Âî ìíîãîì ýòèðåàêöèè ñâÿçàíû ñî ñíèæåíèåì óðîâíÿ ñâåòîâûõ îãðàíè÷åíèéâ ðàçâèòèè ïîäðîñòà, êîòîðûå â îòäåëüíûå ïåðèîäûìîãóò äîïîëíÿòüñÿ è ýôôåêòàìè êîíêóðåíöèèèç-çà ïî÷âåííîé âëàãè.Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîëîæèòåëüíîå âîçäåéñòâèå íèçîâûõïîæàðîâ êàê ïóñêîâîãî ìåõàíèçìà âîçîáíîâèòåëüíîãîïðîöåññà â ñîñíîâûõ ëåñàõ (Ñàííèêîâ, 1981) íàèáîëååîò÷åòëèâî ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ñóõèõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ,çíà÷èòåëüíî ñëàáåå — â ïåðèîäè÷åñêè ñóõèõ è ïðàêòè-÷åñêè íå îáíàðóæèâàåòñÿ â ãðóïïå ñâåæèõ ñîñíÿêîâ.1. Ñàííèêîâ Ñ. Í. Ëåñíûå ïîæàðû êàê ôàêòîð ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿñòðóêòóðû, âîçîáíîâëåíèÿ è ýâîëþöèè áèîãåîöåíîçîâ // Ýêîëîãèÿ.1981. ¹ 6. Ñ. 10 – 20.168 Àãðàðíàÿ Ðîññèÿ. <strong>2009</strong>. Ñïåöèàëüíûé âûïóñê
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ISSN 1999-5636Ñïåöèàëüíû
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2 Àãðàðíàÿ Ðîññèÿ. 20
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Ïðîâåäåíèå êîíôåðå
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âåíèå òàêèõ òåõíîã
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Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä Ó
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Íà ôîòî èíæåíåð ëåñ
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Ôîðìîâîå ðàçíîîáðà
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Äíèùà äîëèí. Àáñîëþ
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Ñõåìà ñîäåðæàíèÿ ï
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òåõíîëîãèÿõ ëåñîñå
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Áàøêèðñêèé ãîñóäàð
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ãè÷åñêîãî ïîòåíöèà
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ñòîÿííûõ ïðîáíûõ ï
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Ìîðôîìåòðè÷åñêèå ï
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ñîçäàåò õîðîøèå ïå
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Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïîä
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Ïî ðåçóëüòàòàì èññ
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Òàáëèöà 1. Ïðîöåíò ï
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1Èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè
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Âûñîòà ëèñòâåííîãî
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90 è áîëåå ëåò. Ïîÿâë
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Ôèëèàë ÔÃÓ «ÂÍÈÈËÌ
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òåëüíî âûñîêàÿ èõ â
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ñåÿíöåâ, ñîîòâåòñò
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Ðèñ._1. Èçìåíåíèå ïð
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Âîçðàñòíàÿ ñòðóêòó
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Â öåëîì âñå òðè âèä
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ñòå ñ òåì ðåçóëüòàò
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îñíîâàíèé ñòâîëîâ,
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1Âñåðîññèéñêèé ÍÈÈ
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äîâåäåíèÿ äî íóæä ê
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ëîêàëèçàöèÿ ñóõèõ
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Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä-è
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÷èíàÿ èçìåíÿòü öâå
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Èíòåíñèâíîñòü òðàí
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Êðàòêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñ
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Îöåíêà ïåðñïåêòèâí
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Òàêèì îáðàçîì, çàâè
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30 ñì, à íà ñåðåäèíå
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óñëîâèÿõ ïðè ñðåäí
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Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä Ó
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Ðàñïîëîæåíèå äåðåâ
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íåíèÿ ëåñíûõ íàñàæ
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nus sylvestris L.) è ëèñòâå
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1Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä-è
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ñòèõèéíîé ìíîãîëåò
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Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä-è
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— 43,7%, êîëè÷åñòâî ì
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òà ýòî ðàñòåíèå ñòà
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1Ïåòðîçàâîäñêèé ãî
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Èíñòèòóò ëåñà èì. Â.
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Ðèñ._1. Ñðåäíèé äèàì
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Page 125 and 126: Êîìèòåò ïî ëåñíîìó
Page 127 and 128: èíòåãðàëüíûé ïîêàç
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Page 131 and 132: Ìóðìàíñêèé ãîñóäàð
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Page 135 and 136: êîìïëåêñ (ÅÃÑÊ). Ìíî
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Page 173 and 174: çîâ, ïîä÷åðêèâàÿ ðà
Page 175 and 176: Ôèëèàë ÔÃÓ «ÂÍÈÈËÌ
Page 177 and 178: ñòàâëÿåìîé ÃËÖ. Â à
Page 179 and 180: Ïî âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ë
Page 181 and 182: Áàøêèðñêèé èíñòèòó
Page 183 and 184: Òàáëèöà 2. Ðåêîìåíä
Page 185 and 186: íûõ ñîåäèíåíèé àçî
Page 187 and 188: Èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè
Page 189 and 190: çíà÷åíèÿ. Ïóíêò ïðî
Page 191 and 192: ëèêòîâûå ñîñíÿêè ó
Page 193 and 194: øàëî ÷åòûðåõ (300 - 600
Page 195 and 196: 2. Êðàñíîùåêîâ Ã. Ï.
Page 197 and 198: 15 IX 1942, À. Ïëåòíåâà
Page 199 and 200: æåðòâåííûõ ëóíîê, ñ
Page 201 and 202: Âåäóùèå ðîäû àëüãî
Page 203 and 204: Íîðìàòèâû ðåêðåàöè
Page 205 and 206: âåííûõ ñàíàòîðèåâ
Page 207 and 208: 1979), ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
Page 209 and 210: Ðèñ. 1. Äèíàìèêà ãîä
Page 211 and 212: ëè÷åñòâà ðàñõîäóåì
Page 213 and 214: Ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü íàä
Page 215 and 216: Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñîñòà
Page 217 and 218: Âûõîä áåòóëèíà è ñó
Page 219 and 220:
Âèäÿêèíà À. À., Ñåìå
Page 221:
Êàøàïîâ Ð. Ø. Ãåîãðà
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