Èíñòèòóò ýêîëîãèè ðàñòåíèé è æèâîòíûõ ÓðÎ ÐÀÍ, denis v@ipae.uran.ru Ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü íàçåìíûõ ýêîñèñòåì â ðåãèîíàëüíîììàñøòàáå ëèìèòèðóåòñÿ ýäàôè÷åñêèìè ôàêòîðàìè;ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì áîðåàëüíîé çîíû —ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî äîñòóïíîñòüþ àçîòà. Îäíî èç ïðèñïîñîáëåíèé,íàïðàâëåííûõ íà ïðåîäîëåíèå ïîñëåäñòâèéäåôèöèòà ýëåìåíòîâ ìèíåðàëüíîãî ïèòàíèÿ, çàäåéñòâîâàííîåè íà óðîâíå îòäåëüíûõ äåðåâüåâ è ýêîñèñòåìâ öåëîì — ýêòîìèêîðèçíûé ñèìáèîç. Ýôôåêòû íåäîñòàòî÷íîãîèëè èçáûòî÷íîãî ñíàáæåíèÿ ìèíåðàëüíûìèýëåìåíòàìè íà ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå, ôèçèîëîãè÷åñêèåè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå îñîáåííîñòè äðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé(â òîì ÷èñëå òåñíîòà âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñ ýêòîìèêîðèçíûìèãðèáàìè) îòíîñèòåëüíî õîðîøî èññëåäîâàíû. Íî íåäîñòàòî÷íîýìïèðè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ äëÿ êîððåêòíîãîñóæäåíèÿ î õàðàêòåðå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ñèìáèîíòîâ (ò.å.îá ýôôåêòèâíîñòè ñèìáèîçà) ïðè ðàçíîé îáåñïå÷åííîñòèáèîãåííûìè ýëåìåíòàìè. Íàøè óñèëèÿ íàïðàâëåíûíà çàïîëíåíèå ýòîãî ïðîáåëà.  ñîîáùåíèè ïðåäñòàâëåíûðåçóëüòàòû, îñâåùàþùèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ èçìåíåíèÿñòðóêòóðû áèîìàññû è ðàçâèòèÿ ýêòîìèêîðèç ó ñåÿíöåâñîñíû îáûêíîâåííîé (Pinus sylvestris L.) ïðè ðàçíûõóðîâíÿõ îáåñïå÷åííîñòè àçîòîì è ôîñôîðîì â íåñòåðèëüíûõýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ óñëîâèÿõ.Ìàòåðèàë è ìåòîäèêà. Ñåÿíöû âûðàùèâàëè â ïëàñòèêîâûõÿùèêàõ (ïî 35 – 40 ñåÿíöåâ) â íåîòàïëèâàåìîéòåïëèöå ïðè åñòåñòâåííîé ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè ñâåòîâîãîäíÿ â ñìåñè íåñòåðèëèçîâàííîé äåðíîâî-ïîäçîëèñòîéïî÷âû èç ñîñíÿêà ÿãîäíèêîâîãî, ïåñêà è âåðõîâîãîòîðôà ñ 30 ìàÿ (ïîñåâ) ïî 25 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2008 ã. Ýêñïåðèìåíò— äâóõôàêòîðíûé îïûò ñ îöåíêîé âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿôàêòîðîâ. ÔàêòîðI—îáåñïå÷åííîñòü àçîòîì (N), 3óðîâíÿ: 1) îòñóòñòâèå âíåñåíèÿ N (N0); 2) âíåñåíèå N(ìî÷åâèíà) â äîçå, ýêâèâàëåíòíîé âíåñåíèþ 60 êã/ãà(çäåñü è äàëåå — äåéñòâóþùåãî âåùåñòâà) (N60); 3)180 êã/ãà N (N180). Ôàêòîð II — îáåñïå÷åííîñòü ôîñôîðîì(P), 3 óðîâíÿ: 1) îòñóòñòâèå âíåñåíèÿ P (P0); 2)60 êã/ãà P (äâîéíîé ñóïåðôîñôàò) (P60); 3) 180 êã/ãà P(P180). Ïîâòîðíîñòü êàæäîãî âàðèàíòà — äâóêðàòíàÿ(äâà ÿùèêà). Âî âñå âàðèàíòû âíåñåí êàëèé (õëîðèä êàëèÿ,60 êã/ãà). Ñåÿíöû öåëèêîì ôèêñèðîâàëè â 4%-îìðàñòâîðå ôîðìàëèíà. Îïðåäåëÿëè: ìàññó íàäçåìíîé èïîäçåìíîé ÷àñòè; ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêèðàçâèòèÿ êîðíåâûõ ñèñòåì è õàðàêòåðèñòèêè àêòèâíîñòèìèêîðèçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ.Ìàññà íàäçåìíûõ è ïîäçåìíûõ îðãàíîâ èçìåíÿëàñüòîëüêî â çàâèñèìîñòè îò âíåñåííûõ äîç P. Ïðè îáèëüíîìñíàáæåíèè P íàäçåìíàÿ ìàññà óâåëè÷èâàëàñü â3,1 ðàçà ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ âàðèàíòàìè P0, ïîäçåìíàÿ — â2,6 ðàçà. Îò óðîâíÿ N è êîìáèíàöèè óðîâíåé N è P ìàññàíå çàâèñåëà. Ïðè óëó÷øåíèè ñíàáæåíèÿ N äîëÿ ïîäçåìíûõîðãàíîâ â îáùåé ìàññå ñíèæàëàñü îò 46% (N0)äî 38% (N180). Íàèáîëüøàÿ äîëÿ ïîäçåìíûõ îðãàíîâ âîáùåé ìàññå (46%) â çàâèñèìîñòè îò óðîâíÿ P íàáëþäàëàñüïðè âíåñåíèè 60 êã/ãà P.Ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðàçâèòèÿ êîðíåâîéñèñòåìû çíà÷èìî èçìåíÿëèñü â çàâèñèìîñòè îòâíåñåíèÿ êàê N, òàê è P. Äëèíà íåäåòåðìèíèðîâàííûõêîðíåé ïðè âûñîêèõ äîçàõ N ñíèæàëàñü (â âàðèàíòàõN180 äëèíà êîðíåé ñîñòàâëÿåò 81% îò çíà÷åíèÿ â âàðèàíòàõN0). Âûñîêèå äîçû ôîñôîðà (P180) ïðèâîäèëè ê3-êðàòíîìó óâåëè÷åíèþ äëèíû êîðíåé. Ñëàãàåìûìèýòîé èíòåãðàëüíîé ðåàêöèè áûëè ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíûåèçìåíåíèÿ ÷àñòíûõ ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðèçíàêîâ (äëèíàãëàâíîãî êîðíÿ, õàðàêòåðèñòèêè ðàçâèòèÿ áîêîâûõêîðíåé). Íàèëó÷øàÿ îñíàùåííîñòü íåäåòåðìèíèðîâàííûõêîðíåé ïîãëîùàþùèìè îðãàíàìè íàáëþäàëàñü ââàðèàíòàõ N60P0, ìèíèìàëüíàÿ — â âàðèàíòåN180P180.Èíòåíñèâíîñòü ìèêîðèçàöèè êîðíåâûõ ñèñòåì ïîñðàâíåíèþ ñ êîíòðîëüíûì âàðèàíòîì ïîâûøàëàñü òîëüêîïðè êîìáèíàöèè ïðîìåæóòî÷íûõ óðîâíåé P (P60)ñ íåìàêñèìàëüíûìè óðîâíÿìè N (N0, N60). Ïðè âñåõäðóãèõ ñî÷åòàíèÿõ äîç NèP,îñîáåííî ïðè âíåñåíèèòîëüêî N, óñïåøíîñòü ðàçâèòèÿ ýêòîìèêîðèç ñíèæàëàñü. îáùåì âèäå íàïðàâëåíèÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèè ïîäçåìíûõîðãàíîâ ñåÿíöåâ ïðè îïòèìèçàöèè óñëîâèé èõ ìèíåðàëüíîãîïèòàíèÿ õàðàêòåðèçóþò äàííûå, ïðåäñòàâ-Àãðàðíàÿ Ðîññèÿ. <strong>2009</strong>. Ñïåöèàëüíûé âûïóñê 53
ñåÿíöåâ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþò íåêîòîðûì îöåíêàì, ïîëó÷åííûìâ àíàëîãè÷íûõ ýêñïåðèìåíòàõ (Brunner, Brodbeck,2001), íî íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò äðóãèì (Walkera, et al.,1998). Óñòàíîâëåííîå óãíåòåíèå ìèêîðèçîîáðàçîâàíèÿâûñîêèìè äîçàìè N è P â öåëîì ñîîòâåòñòâóåò èçâåñòíûìôàêòàì (Menge, Grand, 1978; Van der Eerden, et al.,1992; Brunner, Brodbeck, 2001; Nilsson, Wallander, 2003).Ðàáîòà âûïîëíåíà ïðè ïîääåðæêå ÐÔÔÈ è ÏðàâèòåëüñòâàÑâåðäëîâñêîé îáëàñòè (ïðîåêò 07-04-96121)è ïðîãðàììû ðàçâèòèÿ âåäóùèõ íàó÷íûõ øêîë(ÍØ-1022.2008.4) è íàó÷íî-îáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ öåíòðîâ(êîíòðàêò 02.740.11.0279).Äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ öåíòðîèäîâ âûáîðîê ñåÿíöåâ ñîñíû, îõàðàêòåðèçîâàííûõïî ïðèçíàêàì ñòðîåíèÿ è ìèêîðèçàöèè êîðíåâûõñèñòåì, â ïðîñòðàíñòâå äâóõ ïåðâûõ ãëàâíûõ ôàêòîðîâ.ëåííûå íà ðèñóíêå. Áîëüøèíñòâî êîìáèíàöèé áèîãåíîâïðèâîäÿò ê óâåëè÷åíèþ ðàçìåðà êîðíåâûõ ñèñòåì è êñíèæåíèþ àêòèâíîñòè ìèêîðèçîîáðàçîâàíèÿ.Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè îïòèìèçàöèè óñëîâèé ìèíåðàëüíîãîïèòàíèÿ: âî-ïåðâûõ, ñíèæàåòñÿ îáùàÿ ôóíêöèîíàëüíàÿíàãðóçêà íà ïîãëîùàþùèé àïïàðàò ñåÿíöåâñîñíû; âî-âòîðûõ, àäàïòàöèè ñåÿíöåâ â ïîäçåìíîé ñôåðåðåàëèçóþòñÿ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, àâòîíîìíî, à âûðàæåííîñòüñèìáèîòè÷åñêîãî ñïîñîáà àäàïòàöèè ñíèæàåòñÿ.Ðåçóëüòàòû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê ñòðóêòóðå áèîìàññû1. Brunner I., Brodbeck S. Response of mycorrhizal Norway spruceseedlings to various nitrogen loads and sources // Environ. Pol. 2001.V. 114. No. 2. P. 223 – 233.2. Menge J. A., Grand L. F. Effect of fertilization on production ofepigeous basidocarps by mycorrhizal fungi in loblolly pine plantations// Can. J. Bot. 1978. V. 56. No. 19. P. 2357 – 2362.3. Nilsson L. O. Wallander H. Production of external mycelium byectomycorrhizal fungi in a norway spruce forest was reduced in responseto nitrogen fertilization // New Phytol. 2003. V. 158. No. 2.P. 409 – 416.4. Van der Eerden L. J. M., Lekkerkerk L. J. A., Smeulders S. M.,Jansen A. E. Effects of atmospheric ammonia and ammonium sulphateon Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) // Environ. pol. 1992.V.76.No.1.P.1–9.5. Walkera R. F., Johnsonb D. W., Geisingera D. R., Ballb J. T.Growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of ponderosa pine seedlingssupplied different levels of atmospheric CO 2 and soil N and P //For. Ecol. Manag. 1998. V. 109. No. 1. P. 9–20. Èíñòèòóò ïðîáëåì îñâîåíèÿ ñåâåðà ÑÎ ÐÀÍ, nstya vid@mail.ruÒþìåíñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, ssmmw@list.ru Èíòåíñèâíîå ðàçâèòèå ïðîìûøëåííîñòè â ãîðîäàõñïîñîáñòâóåò çíà÷èòåëüíîìó óâåëè÷åíèþ óõóäøåíèÿñîñòîÿíèÿ îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû, ÷òî îòðèöàòåëüíî ñêàçûâàåòñÿíà çäîðîâüå ëþäåé (Ãîðîõîâ Â. À, 1991 ã.). Îäíèìèç ýôôåêòèâíûõ ìåòîäîâ, ïîçâîëÿþùèõ íåéòðàëèçîâàòüâðåäíîå àíòðîïîãåííîå âëèÿíèå íà îêðóæàþùóþóðáàíèçèðîâàííóþ ñðåäó, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîçäàíèå äðåâåñíûõè êóñòàðíèêîâûõ íàñàæäåíèé êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿîáÿçàòåëüíûì êîìïîíåíòîì íîðìàëüíîé ãîðîäñêîéñðåäû. Òàêèå ïîêàçàòåëè êàê: îáèëèå, ðàçíîîáðàçèå, ýñòåòèêàçåëåíûõ íàñàæäåíèé ñàìè ïî ñåáå õàðàêòåðèçóþòêà÷åñòâî ãîðîäñêîé ñðåäû (Êëþåâà Â. Ï., è äð.,2002 ã.) îçåëåíåíèè ã. Òþìåíè ïðîèçðàñòàåò 120 âèäîâäðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé, èç íèõ îêîëî 50 — äðåâåñíûå ôîðìûè 70 — êóñòàðíèêîâûå.  ãîðîäå íàñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ 45,ìåñòíûõ âèäîâ äåðåâüåâ è êóñòàðíèêîâ, 75 âèäîâ è ðàçíîâèäíîñòåéïðåäñòàâëåíî èíòðîäóöåíòàìè. îçåëåíåíèè óëèö ãîðîäà ïðåîáëàäàþò òàêèå ðàñòåíèÿêàê ßáëîíÿ ÿãîäíàÿ èëè ñèáèðñêàÿ (Malus boccataL.), Ðÿáèíà îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Sorbus aucuparia L.); Ëèïàñåðäöåâèäíàÿ (Tillia cordata Mill.); Áåð¸çà ïîâèñëàÿ èëèáîðîäàâ÷àòàÿ (Betula pendula Ehrh.); Êë¸í ÿñåíåëèñòíûé(Acer negondo L.), Ñèðåíü îáûêíîâåííàÿ (Syringavulgaris L.), Òîïîëü áàëüçàìè÷åñêèé (Populus balsamiferaL.).Ïðè ïîäáîðå äðåâåñíûõ ðàñòåíèé äëÿ îçåëåíåíèÿãîðîäîâ âàæíî ó÷èòûâàòü äåêîðàòèâíîñòü ðàñòåíèé, êîòîðàÿ,â îïðåäåëåííîé ìåðå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîêàçàòåëåì èõóñïåøíîãî ïðîèçðàñòàíèÿ, à, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, è óñòîé÷èâîñòè.54 Àãðàðíàÿ Ðîññèÿ. <strong>2009</strong>. Ñïåöèàëüíûé âûïóñê
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ñ÷åò óâåëè÷åíèÿ ãå
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÷åðåø÷àòûé, êëåí îñ
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Ïëîòíîñòü è âëàæíî
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ðàäèàëüíîãî ðîñòà
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Ñðàâíåíèå ìîùíîñòè
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Èç áîëåçíåé â ïëîäî
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5. Ôåäîðîâà À. È. Âëè
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Ðèñ. 1. Ñåçîííàÿ äèí
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Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñàä-è
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âûáðîñîâ ïàðíèêîâû
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 ñâåæèõ òèïàõ ìåñò
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Òåìíî-ñåðûå ïî÷âû î
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çîâ, ïîä÷åðêèâàÿ ðà
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Ôèëèàë ÔÃÓ «ÂÍÈÈËÌ
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ñòàâëÿåìîé ÃËÖ. Â à
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Ïî âñòðå÷àåìîñòè ë
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Áàøêèðñêèé èíñòèòó
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Òàáëèöà 2. Ðåêîìåíä
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íûõ ñîåäèíåíèé àçî
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Èíñòèòóò áèîëîãèè
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çíà÷åíèÿ. Ïóíêò ïðî
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ëèêòîâûå ñîñíÿêè ó
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øàëî ÷åòûðåõ (300 - 600
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2. Êðàñíîùåêîâ Ã. Ï.
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15 IX 1942, À. Ïëåòíåâà
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æåðòâåííûõ ëóíîê, ñ
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Âåäóùèå ðîäû àëüãî
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Íîðìàòèâû ðåêðåàöè
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âåííûõ ñàíàòîðèåâ
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1979), ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
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Ðèñ. 1. Äèíàìèêà ãîä
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ëè÷åñòâà ðàñõîäóåì
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Ïðîäóêòèâíîñòü íàä
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Áîòàíè÷åñêèé ñîñòà
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Âûõîä áåòóëèíà è ñó
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Âèäÿêèíà À. À., Ñåìå
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Êàøàïîâ Ð. Ø. Ãåîãðà