ñòèëêó, îáíàæåííûå è ñâåæèå ó÷àñòêè ïî÷âû, âàëóíû èñêàëüíûå âûõîäû.  ðåàêöèè ìîõîîáðàçíûõ è ñîñóäèñòûõðàñòåíèé íà èçìåíåíèÿ îäíèõ è òåõ æå ôàêòîðîâñðåäû èìåþòñÿ ñóùåñòâåííûå ðàçëè÷èÿ. Èññëåäîâàíèÿïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ëåñíûå íàïî÷âåííûå ìõè î÷åíü ÷óâñòâèòåëüíûê âëàæíîñòè âîçäóõà è ýêîëîãè÷åñêîìó ðåæèìóïîâåðõíîñòíîãî ñëîÿ ïî÷âû (âëàæíîñòè, ðÍ, àêêóìóëÿöèèîðãàíè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ, îáùåìó ñîäåðæàíèþ àçîòà),à ñîñóäèñòûå ðàñòåíèÿ â áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè ðåàãèðóþòíà ñâåòîâîé è ãèäðîëîãè÷åñêèé ðåæèìû, à òàêæå îáùååáîãàòñòâî ïî÷âû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, áðèîëîãè÷åñêèåäàííûå ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ïðè îöåíêå âàðèàöèé óñëîâèéñðåäû ôèòîöåíîçîâ, âûÿâëåíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ îñîáåííîñòèìèêðîðåëüåôà è òåõ íà÷àëüíûõ èçìåíåíèéýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî ðåæèìà ìåñòîîáèòàíèé, êîòîðûå ÷àñòîíå ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ íà óðîâíå ñîñóäèñòûõ ðàñòåíèé (Hokkanen,2004).Èçó÷åíèå ëåñíûõ áðèîöåíîôëîð ïðîâîäèëîñü âðàìêàõ ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêîãî îáñëåäîâàíèÿ ðàñòèòåëüíûõñîîáùåñòâ êîðåííûõ çîíàëüíûõ ëåñîâ ÐåñïóáëèêèÁàøêîðòîñòàí. Èññëåäîâàíèÿ îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü â íåìîðàëüíîòðàâíûõøèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ è õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõëåñàõ êëàññà Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vliegerin Vlieger 1937, òàåæíûõ áîðåàëüíûõ ëåñàõ êëàññàVaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Sissingh et Vlieger1939, à òàêæå â ñâåòëîõâîéíûõ ãåìèáîðåàëüíûõ ëåñàõêëàññà Brachypodio pinnati-Betuletea pendulae Ermakov,Koroljuk et Latchinsky 1991 (Ìàðòûíåíêî, <strong>2009</strong>). Äëÿàíàëèçà ëåñíûõ áðèîöåíîôëîð áûëè ïðèâëå÷åíû äàííûåïî 42 àññîöèàöèÿì ëåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè, ïðåäñòàâëåííûå1433 ïîëíûìè ãåîáîòàíè÷åñêèìè îïèñàíèÿìè,âûïîëíåííûìè íà ïëîùàäêàõ ðàçìåðîì400 – 1000 ì 2 .  ïðåäåëàõ ïðîáíûõ ïëîùàäåé ïðîâîäèëîñüâûÿâëåíèå áðèîôëîðû íà âñåõ òèïàõ ñóáñòðàòà:ñòâîëàõ è êîìëÿõ äåðåâüåâ, ãíèëîé äðåâåñèíå, âàëåæå,ïî÷âå, ñêàëüíûõ âûõîäàõ è ïð. Äëÿ íàïî÷âåííûõ âèäîâìõîâ îòìå÷àëîñü ïðîåêòèâíîå ïîêðûòèå. èçó÷åííûõ òèïàõ ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ îáíàðóæåíî212 âèäîâ ìîõîîáðàçíûõ (â òîì ÷èñëå — 180 âèäîâ ëèñòîñòåáåëüíûõìõîâ è 32 — ïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ). Ïå÷åíî÷íûåìõè ïðåäñòàâëåíû 20 ðîäàìè è 12 ñåìåéñòâàìè, ëèñòîñòåáåëüíûåìõè — 95 ðîäàìè è 37 ñåìåéñòâàìè. Âåäóùèåñåìåéñòâà: Brachytheciaceae (21 âèä), Dicranaceae(15), Amblystegiaceae (14), Mniaceae (12), Lophoziaceae(12), Grimmiaceae (10), Polytrichaceae (10), Pottiaceae(9), Bryaceae (8), Plagiotheciaceae (8), Pylaisiaceae (7),Sphagnaceae (6), Hylocomiaceae (6). Âåäóùèå ðîäû:Dicranum (13 âèäîâ), Brachythecium (9), Bryum (7),Sphagnum (6), Grimmia (6), Plagiomnium (5), Anomodon,Barbilophozia, Lophozia, Mnium, Orthotrichum, Plagiothecium,Polytrichastrum, Polytrichum, Sciuru-hypnum (ïî 4).Íàèáîëüøåå ðàçíîîáðàçèå âèäîâ ìîõîîáðàçíûõ îòìå÷åíîâ òåìíîõâîéíûõ çåëåíîìîøíî-âûñîêîòðàâíûõëåñàõ ñîþçà Piceion excelsae (145 âèäîâ) è òåìíîõâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõíåìîðàëüíîòðàâíûõ ëåñàõ ñîþçàAconito-Piceion (125 âèäîâ). Ñàìàÿ áåäíàÿ áðèîôëîðà(63 âèäà) õàðàêòåðíà äëÿ êñåðîìåçîôèòíûõ äóáíÿêîâñîþçà Lathyro-Quercion. Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òîâûñîêîå âèäîâîå áîãàòñòâî â ïðåäåëàõ êëàññà Querco-Fageteaìîæíî îáúÿñíèòü âêëþ÷åíèåì â åãî ñîñòàâòåìíîõâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ ñîþçà Aconito-Piceion.Åñëè íå ó÷èòûâàòü äàííûå ïî ëåñàì ýòîãîòèïà, òî äëÿ òèïè÷íûõ øèðîêîëèñòâåííûõ ëåñîâ è ïîéìåííûõóðåìíèêîâ, âõîäÿùèõ â ýòîò êëàññ, â ðàéîíå èññëåäîâàíèÿõàðàêòåðíî îòíîñèòåëüíî íåâûñîêîå ðàçíîîáðàçèåìîõîîáðàçíûõ — âñåãî 85 âèäîâ, ÷òî çíà÷èòåëüíîíèæå, ÷åì â ñîñíîâûõ è áåðåçîâûõ çëàêîâî-ðàçíîòðàâíûõëåñàõ êëàññà Brachypodio-Betuletea è áîðåàëüíûõëåñàõ êëàññà Vaccinio-Piceetea. Ïîëó÷åííûå äàííûåïîçâîëÿþò ñäåëàòü âûâîä î òîì, ÷òî â þæíî-óðàëüñêèõëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ ïðè ïîâûøåíèè äîëè òåìíîõâîéíûõïîðîä â äðåâîñòîå âîçðàñòàþò îáùåå âèäîâîåáîãàòñòâî ìîõîîáðàçíûõ, äîëÿ âåðõîïëîäíûõ ëèñòîñòåáåëüíûõìõîâ, ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé ñåìåéñòâ Dicranaceae,Mniaceae, Polytrichaceae, Hylocomiaceae, à òàêæåïå÷åíî÷íèêîâ.Äëÿ îöåíêè ñõîäñòâà ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîãî ñîñòàâà öåíîôëîððàçíûõ ñîþçîâ ëåñíîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè áûë èñïîëüçîâàíêîýôôèöèåíòà Æàêêàðà, ïîäñ÷åò êîòîðîãîïîçâîëèë óñòàíîâèòü, ÷òî íàèáîëåå áëèçêè ìåæäó ñîáîéáðèîöåíîôëîðû ñîþçîâ Aconito-Piceion è Piceionexcelsae (Kj 0,6), à òàêæå áðèîöåíîôëîðû ñîñíîâî-ëèïîâûõ,ñîñíîâûõ è ñîñíîâî-áåðåçîâûõ ëåñîâ ñîþçîâ Tilio-Pinion,Caragano-Pinion, Veronico-Pinion è Trollio-Pinion(Kj 0,44 – 0,51).Îïðåäåëåííûõ âèäîâ ìîõîîáðàçíûõ, ñòðîãî ïðèóðî÷åííûõê êàêîìó-ëèáî îäíîìó ëåñíîìó ñîþçó è èìåþùèõâ åãî ñîîáùåñòâàõ âûñîêîå îáèëèå è ïîñòîÿíñòâî,îáíàðóæèòü íå óäàëîñü. Âîçìîæíî, îäíîé èç ïðè÷èíýòîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü ìîçàè÷íîñòè ëåñíîéðàñòèòåëüíîñòè Þæíîãî Óðàëà.  ëèòåðàòóðå íåîäíîêðàòíîîòìå÷àëîñü, ÷òî äëÿ áîëüøèíñòâà âèäîâ ìîõîîáðàçíûõõàðàêòåðíî ðàññåÿííîå ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå â ïðåäåëàõëàíäøàôòîâ è òèïîâ ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè (Vitt, et al.,2003). Ëåñà Þæíîãî Óðàëà â ýòîì ñìûñëå íå ÿâëÿþòñÿèñêëþ÷åíèåì: â îáñëåäîâàííûõ íàìè ñîîáùåñòâàõ îêîëî25% âèäîâ ìîõîîáðàçíûõ áûëî âñòðå÷åíî îò 1 äî3 ðàç. Äîëÿ âèäîâ, âñòðå÷åííûõ ìåíåå, ÷åì â 5% îïèñàíèé,ñîñòàâëÿåò îò 68 äî 85%. Íàëè÷èå âèäîâ ñ ìàêñèìàëüíûìèIV è V ñòåïåíüþ ïîñòîÿíñòâà îòìå÷åíî òîëüêîâ ñîîáùåñòâàõ ñ çíà÷èòåëüíûì ó÷àñòèåì õâîéíûõïîðîä â äðåâîñòîå (ñîþçû Piceion excelsae, Dicrano-Pinion,Trollio-Pinion, Aconito-Piceion). Ïî âñåé âèäèìîñòè,äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ áðèîöåíîôëîð öåëåñîîáðàçíî èñïîëüçîâàòüêîýôôèöèåíòû, ó÷èòûâàþùèå íå òîëüêî ôëîðèñòè÷åñêèå,íî è ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ïîêàçàòåëè, íàïðèìåð,ñïåêòðû ýêîëîãî-ôèòîöåíîòè÷åñêèõ ñòðàòåãèé âèäîââ ïðåäåëàõ êîíêðåòíûõ öåíîôëîð.Ïîëó÷åííûå íèçêèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïîñòîÿíñòâà âèäîâñõîäíû ñ ðåçóëüòàòàìè èññëåäîâàíèé ëåñíûõ áðèîôëîðâ äðóãèõ ðåãèîíàõ (Hokkanen, 2004). Òåì íå ìåíåå, íåêîòîðûåâèäû íàïî÷âåííûõ è ýïèëèòíûõ ìõîâ (íàïðèìåð,Abietinella abietina, Rhytidium rugosum, Rhodobryumroseum, Brachythecium oedipodium, Dicranum congestum,âèäû ðîäà Polytrichum) áûëè óñïåøíî èñïîëüçîâàíûïðè äèôôåðåíöèàöèè àññîöèàöèé âíóòðè ñîþ-Àãðàðíàÿ Ðîññèÿ. <strong>2009</strong>. Ñïåöèàëüíûé âûïóñê 171
çîâ, ïîä÷åðêèâàÿ ðàçëè÷èÿ â óñëîâèÿõ îñâåùåííîñòè,óâëàæíåíèÿ, õàðàêòåðà ñêàëüíûõ âûõîäîâ è, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî,ïî÷âîîáðàçóþùèõ ïîðîä. Êðîìå òîãî, èñïîëüçîâàíèåäàííûõ ïî áðèîôèòàì îêàçàëîñü ïîëåçíûì ïðèïðîâåäåíèè îðäèíàöèîííûõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ò.ê. ñïîñîáñòâîâàëîâûäåëåíèþ áîëåå ÷åòêèõ ãðóïï ñîîáùåñòâ,÷òî îñîáåííî àêòóàëüíî ïðè êëàññèôèêàöèè ñëîæíûõêîìïëåêñíûõ òèïîâ ëåñà.Ðàáîòà ïîääåðæàíà ãðàíòîì ÐÔÔÈ 07-04-00030àè Ïðîãðàììîé Ïðåçèäèóìà ÐÀÍ «Áèîëîãè÷åñêîå ðàçíîîáðàçèå»(ïîäïðîãðàììà «Ðàçíîîáðàçèå è ìîíèòîðèíãëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì Ðîññèè»).1. Ìàëûøåâà Ò. Â. Âîïðîñû èçó÷åíèÿ ñòðóêòóðû è äèíàìèêè ìîõîâîãîïîêðîâà â ëåñíûõ ñîîáùåñòâàõ // Ïðîáëåìû áðèîëîãèè âÑÑÑÐ. Ë.: Íàóêà, 1989. — Ñ. 150 – 156.2. Ìàðòûíåíêî Â. Á. Ñèíòàêñîíîìèÿ ëåñîâ Þæíîãî Óðàëà êàêòåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ îñíîâà ðàçâèòèÿ ñèñòåìû èõ îõðàíû. Àâòîðåô.äèññ...ä-ðà áèîë. íàóê. Óôà: ÁÃÓ, <strong>2009</strong>. — 33 ñ.3. Hokkanen P. J. Bryophyte communities in herb-rich forests inKoli, eastern Finland: comparison of forest classifications based onbryophytes and vascular plants //Annales Bot. Fennici. 2004. V. 41.— P.331 – 365.4. Vitt D. H., Halsey L. A., Bray J., Kinser A. Patterns of bryophyterichness in a complex boreal landscape: identifying key habitats atMcClelland Lake Wetland // Bryologist. 2003. V.106. ¹ 3. —P.372 – 382. Ñåâåðî-Êàâêàçñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé òåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò, vetrova05@rambler.ru Ïðîáëåìà ñîõðàíåíèÿ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ íà óðáàíèçèðîâàííûõòåððèòîðèÿõ èç ãîäà â ãîä ñòàíîâèòñÿ âñ¸àêòóàëüíåå. Èçúÿòèå ëåñíûõ òåððèòîðèé ïîä æèëèùíîåè òðàíñïîðòíîå ñòðîèòåëüñòâî — ðåàëèè ñîâðåìåííûõãîðîäîâ. Îñîáóþ îçàáî÷åííîñòü âûçûâàåò óõóäøåíèåîáùåãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ëåñîâ è èõ âûðóáêà (âáëèçè èëè âíóòðèãîðîäîâ) â ëåñîñòåïíîé çîíå íà þãå Ðîññèè.Ëåñà íà Ñòàâðîïîëüñêîé âîçâûøåííîñòè àçîíàëüíûè ïðèóðî÷åíû ê âûñîêèì ãèïñîìåòðè÷åñêèì óðîâíÿì.Ïîìèìî ìåçîôèëüíîñòè êëèìàòà, ôàêòîðîì, çíà÷èòåëüíîîãðàíè÷èâàþùèì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå ëåñîâ â îïèñûâàåìîìðàéîíå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëóáèíà çàëåãàíèÿ ìàòåðèíñêèõïîðîä — ñàðìàòñêèõ èçâåñòíÿêîâ. Ïîýòîìó óíè÷òîæåíèååñòåñòâåííûõ ãîðîäñêèõ ëåñîâ èëè óõóäøåíèåæèçíåííîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ äðåâåñíûõ íàñàæäåíèé ïðèâîäèòê àêòèâèçàöèè ýðîçèîííûõ è îïîëçíåâûõ ïðîöåññîâ.Ïðèìåðîâ ýòîìó ìíîãî. ïðåäåëàõ ãîðîäñêîé ÷åðòû Ñòàâðîïîëÿ íà âûñîòíûõîòìåòêàõ 230 – 660 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ ðàñïîëîæåíûïëàêîðíûå ëåñà Ìàìàéñêèé, Êðóãëûé, Ðóññêèé,Òàìàíñêèé, Ëàïàòèí, ×ëèíñêèé îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ2613 ãà. Îñíîâíûìè ëåñîîáðàçóþùèìè ïîðîäàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿAcer platanoides, A. campestre, Carpinus caucasica,Fagus orientalis, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur. Îäíàêî,ïîä âîçäåéñòâèåì àíòðîïîãåííîé íàãðóçêè, ïðîèçîøëèèçìåíåíèÿ âèäîâîãî ñîñòàâà: áîëåå öåííûå âèäûáûëè çàìåùåíû ìåíåå öåííûìè, íî áîëåå óñòîé÷èâûìè(áóê çàìåùåí ãðàáîì). Èññëåäîâàííûå íàìè ëåñíûåðàñòèòåëüíûå ñîîáùåñòâà ïðåäñòàâëåíû 35 ñåìåéñòâàìè,75 ðîäàìè, 94 âèäàìè. Ñðåäíèå ÷àñòè ëåñíûõ ýêîñèñòåì— óñòîé÷èâûå, àêòèâíî èñïîëüçóþùèå îñè ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõíèø, òðåõÿðóñíûå ñîîáùåñòâà:1 ÿðóñ (12 – 15ì) — Acer platanoides, A. campestre,Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus caucasica2ÿðóñ(2–3ì)—Crataegus curvicepala, Ligistrumvulgare, Sambicus nigra3 ÿðóñ (1.2 – 1.5ì) — Eunomus europaea, Ligistrumvulgare, Crataegus curvicepala, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercusrobur.Îäíàêî, ïåðèôåðèéíûå ÷àñòè ëåñîâ íàõîäÿòñÿ â óãíåòåííîìñîñòîÿíèè: ëåñ ëèøåí ïîäðîñòà, áîëüøèåïëîùàäè çàíèìàþò ìåðòâîïîêðîâíûå ó÷àñòêè, îãðîìíîåêîëè÷åñòâî ñâàëîê è ñëåäîâ êîììóíàëüíûõ ñòîêîâ.Îäíîé èç ïðè÷èí òàêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ãîðîäñêèõ ëåñîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿóíè÷òîæåíèå íà âíåøíåé ãðàíèöå ëåñà ýêîòîíîâ. ôèòîöåíîëîãèè è ýêîëîãèè ýêîòîíàìè íàçûâàþòñèíòàêñîíû ïåðåõîäíîãî õàðàêòåðà, çàíèìàþùèå ïîãðàíè÷íûåïîëîñû ìåæäó ðàçëè÷íûìè òèïàìè ðàñòèòåëüíîñòè,ëàíäøàôòíûìè è ïðèðîäíûìè çîíàìè (Ìèðêèí,Ðîçåíáåðã, Íàóìîâà, 1989). Ò.å. â ïðåäåëàõ ãîðîäàáîëüøèíñòâî âíåøíèõ ãðàíèö ëåñà ïðèîáðåëè âèä íåñìåøàííûõ ñîîáùåñòâ, êîòîðûå ìîãëè áû íèâåëèðîâàòüðàçëè÷íûå ôèçè÷åñêèå, õèìè÷åñêèå, áèîëîãè÷åñêèåïðîöåññû è òåì ñàìûì ñîõðàíÿòü óñòîé÷èâîñòüëåñíûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâ, à âèä ïðîñòûõ îïóøåê. Çàìå÷ó,÷òî íå êîððåêòíî óïîòðåáëÿòü òåðìèíû «îïóøêà» è«ýêîòîí» â êà÷åñòâå ñèíîíèìîâ. Ïîñêîëüêó ïðîâåäåííûåíàìè èññëåäîâàíèÿ ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò î òîì, ÷òî óýòèõ ñîîáùåñòâ ìíîãî îòëè÷èé: ãåíåçèñ, ñòðóêòóðà, ìåõàíèçìûàäàïòàöèé ê èçìåíÿþùèìñÿ óñëîâèÿì, ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿðîëü, âðåìÿ ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ.Íàìè ïðîâåäåíî èçó÷åíèå ñîñòîÿíèÿ ëåñíûõ ôèòîöåíîçîâñ ýêîòîíàìè è áåç íèõ, ïîäâåðãàþùèõñÿ ïðè-172 Àãðàðíàÿ Ðîññèÿ. <strong>2009</strong>. Ñïåöèàëüíûé âûïóñê
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