Współczesne problemy ekonomiki leśnictwa - Instytut Badawczy ...

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WSPÓŁCZESNE PROBLEMY EKONOMIKI LEŚNICTWA
się znacząco do podniesienia standardów podejmowania decyzji w zakresie dystrybucji
zasobów oraz zwiększenia przejrzystości finansowania.
Financing of Non-wood Forest Services
by Ludek Šišak, Czech University of Agricultural Sciences Prague
Forestry is generally considered as an important multifunctional activity with economic,
ecological and social impacts on the society, reproducing and securing both market and
non-market forest services. Support of multifunctional forestry activities, and especially
financial aid, comes from different public sources both national and international.
Under multifunctional concept of forestry and forest management, the economic
effectiveness of forestry based on market timber production is considerably affected
by claims of intensification of non-market forest services. Forestry, as a timber production
activity, can be restricted to a great extent from different reasons, but especially for
enhancement of non-market forest environmental services.
It becomes more and more evident that forest market production (especially timber
production) and occasionally other traditional forest market products will not be able to
finance increasing demand of societies (public) for non-market forest services in individual
countries. The supplying of such services usually enhances costs of production
and reduces incomes from timber supplies. Therefore, forest owners and tenants have
to look for other possibilities on how to include traditional non-market forest products
and services into the market frame.
There are several basic types of financial instruments used for supporting of nonmarket
forest services, both direct and indirect, like grants, compensations, tax concessions,
soft loans, purchase of forestland, purchase of forest services, research, information
and advisory. The situation in supporting multifunctional forestry is rather complicated.
There are many instruments of different kinds mutually interrelated. Financial
means are coming to forestry from various sources and subsidy titles, both of national
and international origin. Therefore, it is very difficult to create one effective transparent
system supporting multifunctional forestry and consisting of both national and international
sources.
Financial means should be accounted and treated separately by their different social
and economic essence, as:
– subsidies proper, incentives as opposed to compensation for loss of profit;
– compensations reimbursing financial losses due to a reduction in timber production
as a result of social and environmental demands;
– payments for the non-commercial uses of forests which benefit society, such as the
environmental uses of woods and forests.
It is desirable that reimbursements of economic loss caused by delivering of environmental
services, and payments for purchase of non-market goods and services
demanded by the society, are clearly separated from the subsidies (gifts, charity) and
accounted for separately. This would contribute to a substantially higher standard of