PhD thesis - School of Informatics - University of Edinburgh

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5.3 Treebank-induced Parsing Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.3.1 Parser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.3.2 Parser Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.3.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 5.3.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 5.3.5 Error Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.3.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.4 Parsing Experiments with a Hand-crafted Grammar . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.4.1 Parser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.4.2 Parsing Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 5.4.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 5.4.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 5.4.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 5.5 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6 Other Potential Applications 146 6.1 Text-to-Speech Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.1.1 Pronunciation of Foreign Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.1.2 Brief Overview of a TTS System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.1.3 Evaluation of TTS Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.1.4 Polyglot TTS Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.1.5 Strategy for Task-based Evaluation with TTS . . . . . . . . . 162 6.2 Machine Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 6.3 Linguistics and Lexicography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 6.4 Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7 Conclusions and Future Work 174 7.1 Thesis Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 7.2 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 A Evaluation Metrics and Notation 177 A.1 System Evaluation Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 A.2 Inter-annotator Agreement Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 A.2.1 Pairwise accuracy and F-score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 vii
A.2.2 Kappa Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 A.3 Parsing Evaluation Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 A.3.1 Labelled Precision, Recall and F-score . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 A.3.2 Dependency Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 A.3.3 Bracketing Scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 A.4 Statistical Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 A.4.1 Chi-Square Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 B Guidelines for Annotation of English Inclusions 185 B.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 B.1.1 Ph.D. Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 B.1.2 Annotation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 B.1.3 Annotated Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 B.2 Annotation Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 B.2.1 General Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 B.2.2 Specific Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 C TIGER Tags and Labels 192 C.1 Part of Speech Tag Set in TIGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 C.2 Phrase Category (Node) Labels in TIGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 C.3 Grammatical Function (Edge) Labels in TIGER . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Bibliography 197 viii
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Chapter 6 Other Potential Applicati
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Chapter 7 Conclusions and Future Wo
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Appendix A. Evaluation Metrics and
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Appendix B. Guidelines for Annotati
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Appendix C TIGER Tags and Labels C.
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Appendix C. TIGER Tags and Labels 1
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Bibliography 198 Andersen, G. (2005
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Bibliography 200 Bresnan, J. (2001)
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Bibliography 202 Damashek, M. (1995
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Bibliography 204 Finkel, J., Dingar
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Bibliography 206 Hachey, B., Alex,
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Bibliography 208 Kirkness, A. (1984
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Bibliography 210 and Technology (In
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Bibliography 212 Poplack, S. (1988)
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Bibliography 214 Sokol, D. K. (2000
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Bibliography 216 Yang, W. (1990). A
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PhD thesis - School of Informatics - University of Edinburgh

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