The relationship between total food intake (g) - CEBC - CNRS

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Sommaire Remerciements 3 Remarque 4 Publications 5 Résumé 8 Introduction générale A. Sélection, évolution et traits d’histoire de vie 11 B. Optimisation de l’investissement et coût de la reproduction 13 C. Dimension physiologique des compromis et des systèmes de gestion de la ressource 15 D. Connexion entre effort reproducteur et coût de la reproduction 18 E. Intérêt d’une perspective ectothermique 21 I. Présentation de l’espèce et des méthodes d’étude A. Résumé du Chapitre 26 B. Position systématique 27 C. Répartition de l’espèce et des populations l’études 28 D. Biologie de la reproduction 29 E. Méthodes d’étude 37 II. Le système d’allocation de l’énergie A. Résumé du chapitre 47 B. Article 1 : short-term versus long-term effects of <strong>food</strong> <strong>intake</strong> on reproductive output in a viviparous snake (Vipera aspis) 50 C. Article 2 : when does a reproducing female viper (Vipera aspis) “decide" on her litter size 81 D. Article 3 : capital breeding and reproductive effort in a variable environnment: a longitudinal study in the aspic viper (Vipera aspis) 98 2
III. Les coûts de la reproduction: amplitude et degré de dépendance avec la fécondité A. Résumé du chapitre 124 B. Article 4 : reproduction in a typical capital breeder, costs, currencies and complication in the aspic viper 128 C. Article 5 : costs of anorexia during pregnancy in a viviparous snake (Vipera aspis) 156 D. Article 6 : thermoregulation and metabolism in a viviparous snake, Vipera aspis: evidence for fecundity-independent costs 170 E. Article 7 : what is the appropriate time scale for measuring costs of reproduction in a capital breeder such as the aspic viper ? 198 IV. Les déterminants de la tendance semélipare femelle: description et implications démographiques A. Résumé du chapitre 217 B. Article 8 : comparaisons des tactiques demographiques de la vipère aspic (Vipera aspis): y’a t’il un avantage a etre semélipares ? 220 C. Article 9 : do sex divergences in ecophysiologie translate into sexdimorphic demographic patterns? 240 V Discussion-conclusion Reproduction sur réserves, coûts de la reproduction et évolution vers la seméliparité 264 Bibliographie 274 Annexe Article : Natural thermal conditions influence embryonic development in a viviparous snake (Vipera aspis) 311 3
Page 1: Université de POITIERS UFR des Sci
Page 5 and 6: Remarque : Le format de cette thès
Page 7 and 8: 5. Bonnet X, Lourdais O, Shine R. &
Page 9 and 10: Résumé : Le nombre d'épisodes re
Page 11 and 12: Introduction générale Un saumon r
Page 13 and 14: contrastées comme un oiseau longé
Page 15 and 16: succès d’une reproduction donné
Page 17 and 18: de compromis entre les traits d’h
Page 19 and 20: façons différentes selon que la r
Page 21 and 22: annuelle, il existe néanmoins des
Page 23 and 24: impliquer une collaboration complex
Page 25 and 26: aspic femelle dans l’0uest de la
Page 27 and 28: A. Résumé du chapitre: Si la biol
Page 29 and 30: C. Répartition de l’espèce et d
Page 31 and 32: études ont été conduites sur les
Page 33 and 34: thermorégulation les femelles repr
Page 35 and 36: La situation des femelles contraste
Page 37 and 38: Effort: II. La gestation (2 à 3 mo
Page 39 and 40: (Naulleau et al. 1996) et tout indi
Page 41 and 42: Deux périodes biologiques ont ét
Page 43 and 44: oxygène (avec l’aide technique d
Page 45 and 46: années précédentes. La qualité
Page 47 and 48: II. Le système d’allocation de l
Page 49 and 50: femelles reproductrices capturées
Page 51 and 52: B. Article 1 Short-term versus long
Page 53 and 54:
Introduction The relative allocatio
Page 55 and 56:
ovulation, rather than being provid
Page 57 and 58:
study area of approximately 33 ha c
Page 59 and 60:
masses obtained during the periods
Page 61 and 62:
We recorded the number, mass (± 0.
Page 63 and 64:
To ensure that these biases did not
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Influence of maternal body length o
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The predicted negative relationship
Page 69 and 70:
included as a correcting factor, th
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explained by maternal weight change
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i) Reproductive frequency showed su
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Figure 8. Annual variation in mean
Page 77 and 78:
(see above). Our study also shows t
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animals that were potentially repro
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Acknowledgements We thank L. Schmid
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Abstract Some organisms rely on sto
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can support the entire reproductive
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this enclosure. After mating (late
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values. To do so, the data for SVL
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We pooled data from the two groups
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F(1.34)= 9.04; p < 0.005). The dive
Page 95 and 96:
Discussion The experimental data fr
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developing ova) among the high-inta
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D. Article 3 Capital-breeding and r
Page 101 and 102:
Introduction Variation in reproduct
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temperature affect reproductive out
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Initial total body length and body
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parturient mass of the mother. Gest
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Temperature - during the course of
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significantly (ANOVA, F(8, 257) = 3
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Table 2. Correlation between matern
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9.92; dl = 3; p = 0.02) rather than
Page 117 and 118:
Table 3. Combined influences of mea
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Discussion Previous studies on this
Page 121 and 122:
1983b). While our data show no corr
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iology of female vipers. The snakes
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A. Résumé du chapitre: Au cours d
Page 127 and 128:
développement embryonnaire qui se
Page 129 and 130:
B. Article 4 Reproduction in a typi
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Introduction The extensive scientif
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eserves in the course of reproducti
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Materials and methods Animals and s
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escaped capture during three consec
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expenditure over that period: (body
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eproductive status and survival are
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PROBABOLITY OF SURVIVAL (%) GROWTH
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opportunity to reproduce again. Ove
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5. Maternal body condition post-par
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Figure. 2. Relationships between a
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significant opportunities to reprod
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eproduction, females shift from a v
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eproductive success and recovery at
Page 157 and 158:
C. Article 5 Costs of anorexia duri
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Introduction Life history theory ha
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of appetite intrinsically associate
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number, mass (± 0.1 g) and length
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Hence, using either initial group t
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Body mass (grams) 160 140 120 100 8
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or more importantly fit litter size
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D. Article 6 Gestation, thermoregul
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Introduction Reproduction represent
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associated with hormonal changes (H
Page 177 and 178:
Materials and Methods Origin and De
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Table 1: Details on the number of f
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that are frequent in Aspic viper’
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snakes (ANCOVA with Log - BM as the
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Mass Adjusted Oxygen Consumption Lo
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Effect of Fecundity on Oxygen Consu
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p = 0.80), suggesting that the cont
Page 191 and 192:
Discussion The data from this inves
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1979), until a sufficient store (th
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females; Bonnet et al. 2002b). In t
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females to sustain metabolism at a
Page 199 and 200:
E. Article 7 What is the Appropriat
Page 201 and 202:
Introduction One of the primary aim
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comparison that is an aim of life-h
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offspring). We examined the data to
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For the analysis of survival rates
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stages of their reproductive cycles
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to reproductive activities, but non
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misleading if they compare differen
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similar relationships between repro
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IV. Les déterminants de la tendanc
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parturition en faveur des itéropar
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B. Article 8 Y-a-t’il un avantage
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Introduction L’extraordinaire div
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itéroparité (Hautekèete et al. 2
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océanique tempéré et avec des va
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du suivi (9 ans d’études) et la
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Table 1. Proportion d’individus i
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Table 2. Suite Traits facteurs co-f
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masses pre-partum avec des femelles
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jeunes. En dépit de l’absence d
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intimement liée au niveau d’amai
Page 241 and 242:
C. Article 9 Do sex divergences in
Page 243 and 244:
Introduction Descriptions of variat
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aspis Linné), probably the most in
Page 247 and 248:
a result, the catchability pattern
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Population estimates were calculate
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individual respectively - Marti 199
Page 253 and 254:
Demographic patterns In the spring,
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p
Page 257 and 258:
Table 4. Examination of annual chan
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activities are somewhat a classical
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al. 2001b). However, the proportion
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vipers shows that within the array
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Les données obtenues dans ce trava
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variables : la reproduction va êtr
Page 269 and 270:
Pour les vipères qui survivent jus
Page 271 and 272:
supérieure à 4-5) au cours de la
Page 273 and 274:
Scénario de transition vers la sem
Page 275 and 276:
Bibliographie A. Anderson RA & Kar
Page 277 and 278:
Bennett AF & Dawson WR (1976) Metab
Page 279 and 280:
Bonnet X, Naulleau G & Lourdais O (
Page 281 and 282:
Chao A, Lee SM & Jeng SL (1992) Est
Page 283 and 284:
D. Darwin C (1859) On the origin o
Page 285 and 286:
Farr DR & Gregory PT (1991) Sources
Page 287 and 288:
H. Hahn WE & Tinkle DW (1965) Fat
Page 289 and 290:
Lebreton JD, Burnham KP, Clobert J
Page 291 and 292:
Méndez De La Cruz FR, Guillette LJ
Page 293 and 294:
Nichols JD, Hepp GR, Pollock KH & H
Page 295 and 296:
Reznick DN (1985) Costs of reproduc
Page 297 and 298:
Seigel RA (1993) Summary : future r
Page 299 and 300:
altered adrenocortical activity. Jo
Page 301 and 302:
Winkler DW & Wallin K (1987) Offspr
Page 303 and 304:
Abstract. Climatic conditions durin
Page 305 and 306:
embryogenesis and thus, shorten the
Page 307 and 308:
Although many authors have stressed
Page 309 and 310:
Thermal conditions In our study are
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=16±7). The influence of daily max
Page 313 and 314:
as well as by the frequencies of in
Page 315 and 316:
(χ 2 = 0.24; dl = 1; p = 0.62, poo
Page 317 and 318:
orn aspic vipers. Notably, mean tem
Page 319 and 320:
into cooler, more northern areas (N
Page 321 and 322:
Burger, J. and Zappalorti R.T. 1988
Page 323 and 324:
Naulleau, G. 1979. Etude biotélém
Page 325 and 326:
pythons. Ecology, 78: 1713-1721. Sl
Page 327 and 328:
Captions to figures Figure 1. Annua
Page 329 and 330:
Number of Ventral scales 151 150 14
Page 331:
Figure 4 331
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