The relationship between total food intake (g) - CEBC - CNRS

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des demandes énergétiques accentuées pendant la vitellogénèse et la gestation. Néanmoins, la situation énergétique d’un ectotherme est très contrastée par rapport à un organisme endotherme (Bradschaw 1997). Ainsi et en dépit des contraintes énergétiques de la reproduction, les variations pondérales des femelles vont aussi nous renseigner sur l’alimentation (Lourdais et al. 2002a,c). Il va alors être possible d’estimer la quantité de nourriture consommée par les femelles reproductrices dans l’année (différence entre la masse initiale et la masse pre-partum Lourdais et al. 2002b) ou bien de façon spécifique à la vitellogénèse (différence entre la masse initiale et la masse à l’ovulation Bonnet et al. 2001b, Lourdais et al. 2002c) ou à la gestation (différence entre la masse à l’ovulation et la masse pre-partum ; Lourdais et al. 2002a). Figure 6. Mise-bas de Vipère aspic en septembre 46
II. Le système d’allocation de l’énergie 47
Page 1 and 2: Université de POITIERS UFR des Sci
Page 3 and 4: III. Les coûts de la reproduction:
Page 5 and 6: Remarque : Le format de cette thès
Page 7 and 8: 5. Bonnet X, Lourdais O, Shine R. &
Page 9 and 10: Résumé : Le nombre d'épisodes re
Page 11 and 12: Introduction générale Un saumon r
Page 13 and 14: contrastées comme un oiseau longé
Page 15 and 16: succès d’une reproduction donné
Page 17 and 18: de compromis entre les traits d’h
Page 19 and 20: façons différentes selon que la r
Page 21 and 22: annuelle, il existe néanmoins des
Page 23 and 24: impliquer une collaboration complex
Page 25 and 26: aspic femelle dans l’0uest de la
Page 27 and 28: A. Résumé du chapitre: Si la biol
Page 29 and 30: C. Répartition de l’espèce et d
Page 31 and 32: études ont été conduites sur les
Page 33 and 34: thermorégulation les femelles repr
Page 35 and 36: La situation des femelles contraste
Page 37 and 38: Effort: II. La gestation (2 à 3 mo
Page 39 and 40: (Naulleau et al. 1996) et tout indi
Page 41 and 42: Deux périodes biologiques ont ét
Page 43 and 44: oxygène (avec l’aide technique d
Page 45: années précédentes. La qualité
Page 49 and 50: femelles reproductrices capturées
Page 51 and 52: B. Article 1 Short-term versus long
Page 53 and 54: Introduction The relative allocatio
Page 55 and 56: ovulation, rather than being provid
Page 57 and 58: study area of approximately 33 ha c
Page 59 and 60: masses obtained during the periods
Page 61 and 62: We recorded the number, mass (± 0.
Page 63 and 64: To ensure that these biases did not
Page 65 and 66: Influence of maternal body length o
Page 67 and 68: The predicted negative relationship
Page 69 and 70: included as a correcting factor, th
Page 71 and 72: explained by maternal weight change
Page 73 and 74: i) Reproductive frequency showed su
Page 75 and 76: Figure 8. Annual variation in mean
Page 77 and 78: (see above). Our study also shows t
Page 79 and 80: animals that were potentially repro
Page 81 and 82: Acknowledgements We thank L. Schmid
Page 83 and 84: Abstract Some organisms rely on sto
Page 85 and 86: can support the entire reproductive
Page 87 and 88: this enclosure. After mating (late
Page 89 and 90: values. To do so, the data for SVL
Page 91 and 92: We pooled data from the two groups
Page 93 and 94: F(1.34)= 9.04; p < 0.005). The dive
Page 95 and 96: Discussion The experimental data fr
Page 97 and 98:
developing ova) among the high-inta
Page 99 and 100:
D. Article 3 Capital-breeding and r
Page 101 and 102:
Introduction Variation in reproduct
Page 103 and 104:
temperature affect reproductive out
Page 105 and 106:
Initial total body length and body
Page 107 and 108:
parturient mass of the mother. Gest
Page 109 and 110:
Temperature - during the course of
Page 111 and 112:
significantly (ANOVA, F(8, 257) = 3
Page 113 and 114:
Table 2. Correlation between matern
Page 115 and 116:
9.92; dl = 3; p = 0.02) rather than
Page 117 and 118:
Table 3. Combined influences of mea
Page 119 and 120:
Discussion Previous studies on this
Page 121 and 122:
1983b). While our data show no corr
Page 123 and 124:
iology of female vipers. The snakes
Page 125 and 126:
A. Résumé du chapitre: Au cours d
Page 127 and 128:
développement embryonnaire qui se
Page 129 and 130:
B. Article 4 Reproduction in a typi
Page 131 and 132:
Introduction The extensive scientif
Page 133 and 134:
eserves in the course of reproducti
Page 135 and 136:
Materials and methods Animals and s
Page 137 and 138:
escaped capture during three consec
Page 139 and 140:
expenditure over that period: (body
Page 141 and 142:
eproductive status and survival are
Page 143 and 144:
PROBABOLITY OF SURVIVAL (%) GROWTH
Page 145 and 146:
opportunity to reproduce again. Ove
Page 147 and 148:
5. Maternal body condition post-par
Page 149 and 150:
Figure. 2. Relationships between a
Page 151 and 152:
significant opportunities to reprod
Page 153 and 154:
eproduction, females shift from a v
Page 155 and 156:
eproductive success and recovery at
Page 157 and 158:
C. Article 5 Costs of anorexia duri
Page 159 and 160:
Introduction Life history theory ha
Page 161 and 162:
of appetite intrinsically associate
Page 163 and 164:
number, mass (± 0.1 g) and length
Page 165 and 166:
Hence, using either initial group t
Page 167 and 168:
Body mass (grams) 160 140 120 100 8
Page 169 and 170:
or more importantly fit litter size
Page 171 and 172:
D. Article 6 Gestation, thermoregul
Page 173 and 174:
Introduction Reproduction represent
Page 175 and 176:
associated with hormonal changes (H
Page 177 and 178:
Materials and Methods Origin and De
Page 179 and 180:
Table 1: Details on the number of f
Page 181 and 182:
that are frequent in Aspic viper’
Page 183 and 184:
snakes (ANCOVA with Log - BM as the
Page 185 and 186:
Mass Adjusted Oxygen Consumption Lo
Page 187 and 188:
Effect of Fecundity on Oxygen Consu
Page 189 and 190:
p = 0.80), suggesting that the cont
Page 191 and 192:
Discussion The data from this inves
Page 193 and 194:
1979), until a sufficient store (th
Page 195 and 196:
females; Bonnet et al. 2002b). In t
Page 197 and 198:
females to sustain metabolism at a
Page 199 and 200:
E. Article 7 What is the Appropriat
Page 201 and 202:
Introduction One of the primary aim
Page 203 and 204:
comparison that is an aim of life-h
Page 205 and 206:
offspring). We examined the data to
Page 207 and 208:
For the analysis of survival rates
Page 209 and 210:
stages of their reproductive cycles
Page 211 and 212:
to reproductive activities, but non
Page 213 and 214:
misleading if they compare differen
Page 215 and 216:
similar relationships between repro
Page 217 and 218:
IV. Les déterminants de la tendanc
Page 219 and 220:
parturition en faveur des itéropar
Page 221 and 222:
B. Article 8 Y-a-t’il un avantage
Page 223 and 224:
Introduction L’extraordinaire div
Page 225 and 226:
itéroparité (Hautekèete et al. 2
Page 227 and 228:
océanique tempéré et avec des va
Page 229 and 230:
du suivi (9 ans d’études) et la
Page 231 and 232:
Table 1. Proportion d’individus i
Page 233 and 234:
Table 2. Suite Traits facteurs co-f
Page 235 and 236:
masses pre-partum avec des femelles
Page 237 and 238:
jeunes. En dépit de l’absence d
Page 239 and 240:
intimement liée au niveau d’amai
Page 241 and 242:
C. Article 9 Do sex divergences in
Page 243 and 244:
Introduction Descriptions of variat
Page 245 and 246:
aspis Linné), probably the most in
Page 247 and 248:
a result, the catchability pattern
Page 249 and 250:
Population estimates were calculate
Page 251 and 252:
individual respectively - Marti 199
Page 253 and 254:
Demographic patterns In the spring,
Page 255 and 256:
p
Page 257 and 258:
Table 4. Examination of annual chan
Page 259 and 260:
activities are somewhat a classical
Page 261 and 262:
al. 2001b). However, the proportion
Page 263 and 264:
vipers shows that within the array
Page 265 and 266:
Les données obtenues dans ce trava
Page 267 and 268:
variables : la reproduction va êtr
Page 269 and 270:
Pour les vipères qui survivent jus
Page 271 and 272:
supérieure à 4-5) au cours de la
Page 273 and 274:
Scénario de transition vers la sem
Page 275 and 276:
Bibliographie A. Anderson RA & Kar
Page 277 and 278:
Bennett AF & Dawson WR (1976) Metab
Page 279 and 280:
Bonnet X, Naulleau G & Lourdais O (
Page 281 and 282:
Chao A, Lee SM & Jeng SL (1992) Est
Page 283 and 284:
D. Darwin C (1859) On the origin o
Page 285 and 286:
Farr DR & Gregory PT (1991) Sources
Page 287 and 288:
H. Hahn WE & Tinkle DW (1965) Fat
Page 289 and 290:
Lebreton JD, Burnham KP, Clobert J
Page 291 and 292:
Méndez De La Cruz FR, Guillette LJ
Page 293 and 294:
Nichols JD, Hepp GR, Pollock KH & H
Page 295 and 296:
Reznick DN (1985) Costs of reproduc
Page 297 and 298:
Seigel RA (1993) Summary : future r
Page 299 and 300:
altered adrenocortical activity. Jo
Page 301 and 302:
Winkler DW & Wallin K (1987) Offspr
Page 303 and 304:
Abstract. Climatic conditions durin
Page 305 and 306:
embryogenesis and thus, shorten the
Page 307 and 308:
Although many authors have stressed
Page 309 and 310:
Thermal conditions In our study are
Page 311 and 312:
=16±7). The influence of daily max
Page 313 and 314:
as well as by the frequencies of in
Page 315 and 316:
(χ 2 = 0.24; dl = 1; p = 0.62, poo
Page 317 and 318:
orn aspic vipers. Notably, mean tem
Page 319 and 320:
into cooler, more northern areas (N
Page 321 and 322:
Burger, J. and Zappalorti R.T. 1988
Page 323 and 324:
Naulleau, G. 1979. Etude biotélém
Page 325 and 326:
pythons. Ecology, 78: 1713-1721. Sl
Page 327 and 328:
Captions to figures Figure 1. Annua
Page 329 and 330:
Number of Ventral scales 151 150 14
Page 331:
Figure 4 331
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