Queen Mary and Westfield College London University PhD Thesis ...

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8nhi! FiId$ 4oly' Pn r1frt - d s1 "' - /1 I cflp/ . I . I •, // // I j:T ;t L /1 1 1 f LJ/ / // r , R T8 ::— /1w , xr I I ? \\- —1 I : ,&-I, F I L & =o_ t . . . .- > /. \ -. ' I _ __ Ooodfl Pig. 2f Old Bethlehem Hospital at Bishopsgate from a map of the City of <strong>London</strong> as described by Stow, c1600 128 I I
Fig. 2g New Beth1en in Moorfields c1676 -- -. Iiuv.v f/ILL .: I1LIDS 129 r-'-'- :z-. A
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Queen Mary and Westfield College Lo
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Abbreviations Contents Chapter 1 In
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Acknowledgments The list of those I
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Chapter 1 Introduction: The Histori
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to 'be interesting' rather than ana
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paradigm of insanity' 9, and in ord
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that the development and practice o
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cure remained a vital object of the
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Introduction Chapter 2 Visiting In
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accessibility' ?12 It is not enough
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would tend to verify the statements
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ernors concerning the conduct of st
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The Exhortatory Show And The Visito
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een worn by the apprentices of Brid
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more likely a patient was to receiv
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e compared to Isabella's role in Th
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egard the patients of Bethiem as th
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theorists and moralists were accord
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Lockean psychology on the Age of Re
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of madness onto society more often
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applied to visiting Bethiem. Thus,
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always mischievous; and that 'if ev
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a similar fashion, in The Changelin
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Although the 8taff knew 'nothing ab
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and the corners of her mouth raised
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and to obtain most 'cause for laugh
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periods, the 'Sport' often became r
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For Anne Digby, too, public visitin
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England and France went to consider
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alias Joseph Warton, in The Adventu
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a year of its opening, he 'was so c
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so contrary an effect' on him that
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sympathy for 'those under such Dism
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or woman 'of feeling'. From searchi
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It was no mere coincidence that Tho
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themselves', three years before thi
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without the Direction of Reason and
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expostutated, after outlining the s
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e sad', indicates how little had ch
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may well have been confined by in l
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Tryon that visitors were allowed an
Page 83 and 84: Tryon had alleged that I3ethlern wa
Page 85 and 86: cells, and only 'afforded' the usua
Page 87 and 88: Moorfields can have done little to
Page 89 and 90: to the amelioration of such conditi
Page 91 and 92: Sundays when visitors were barred 3
Page 93 and 94: acco began to come into better favo
Page 95 and 96: crusading endeavours to tighten lic
Page 97 and 98: to have secreted nearly £12 in her
Page 99 and 100: in four public newspapers and poste
Page 101 and 102: adjustments had to be made to the b
Page 103 and 104: carceral institutions447. If such d
Page 105 and 106: Like Swift, Mackenzie, in his The M
Page 107 and 108: Governors what a provocation naked
Page 109 and 110: observed a male patient leap on the
Page 111 and 112: to mental and physical health, and
Page 113 and 114: infirmaries, unless friends or rela
Page 115 and 116: The only question Carkesse records
Page 117 and 118: pots 'in the Spectators' Faces'522.
Page 119 and 120: y visiting 'the hospitals about thi
Page 121 and 122: Court dealt with both complaints in
Page 123 and 124: in excess of expenditure. By 1770,
Page 125 and 126: Hyde in 1781, and Jane Gibbs in 180
Page 127 and 128: whose immediate care they were573 D
Page 129 and 130: N N Uj I- LA 0 0 (n . 0 I U C CL I
Page 132: Fig. 2d Stone rigur.s o? '1s1ancho1
Page 137 and 138: - -,.----1 T 1fi' a - -4Ti L- I F1
Page 139 and 140: Pig. 2k View of Betbiern at Moorfie
Page 141 and 142: The fact of the matter is that hist
Page 143 and 144: emoved the artificial obstacles sta
Page 145 and 146: edding permitted' at I3ethlem is il
Page 147 and 148: semi-naked state. James Carkesse co
Page 149 and 150: when provided with them36. Benefact
Page 151 and 152: charged if their securities failed
Page 153 and 154: essaries were still 'wanting for th
Page 155 and 156: equired 'Sheeted Beds'. While 22% i
Page 157 and 158: deemed capable of looking after the
Page 159 and 160: subject of considerable censure in
Page 161 and 162: Indeed, there is very little direct
Page 163 and 164: vaults at most 100 . Generally in t
Page 165 and 166: or lousy 'Kennels' was viewed by ma
Page 167 and 168: concern for matters of hygiene and
Page 169 and 170: hospitals and prisons'. Moreover, t
Page 171 and 172: one means of subjugating the signs
Page 173 and 174: have supposed. Awareness of the nee
Page 175 and 176: and that the Committee regularly we
Page 177 and 178: lunacy, as a means of enclosing the
Page 179 and 180: of the darkness of Bethiem had as m
Page 181 and 182: the sober splendour of the hospital
Page 183 and 184:
It would be erroneous to suggest, h
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the weather in contemporary medical
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Diet: feeding and starving the poor
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to Bethiem until 1708, by which tim
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to mechanistic theories of diseased
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in, the eighteenth century hospital
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D inner: Supper: Dinner: Supper: DI
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which was an intermittent source of
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What was missing from the Governors
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aged the Matron and Cook to 'scum y
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'every indulgence, which oeconomy p
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Bethlem, in 1692, that the care of
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seems at least to have acted as a s
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occupying patients after mid-centur
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of which Bethiem has been the great
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most other witnesses at the 1815/16
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Bethlem338 In the period before the
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number of Lunatikes' and of 'their
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with appropriate medicaments, and d
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Chains were imposed as a matter of
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against his physical or moral emanc
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a patient was restrained and of the
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ential, when viewed in the context
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unhealthy obstructions, and even at
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p[re]dudiciall to the said hospital
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cells throughout the period, and th
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apeutic/classificatory division of
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the Governors claimed (with an iron
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(agreeing to abate the entire sum o
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access (with the complicity of staf
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of Bridewell and Bethlem 'proposed'
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Fig. 3a City Surveyor, George Dance
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Pig. 3c g160 I, G -t ? Detail from
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Robinson and Robert Whytt, amongst
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Appointments, patronage, sa1arie an
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and accounting of patients' fees an
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independent right to govern the hos
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At the beginning of the eighteenth
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London for seven years when appoint
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sity, and had accompanied his fathe
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een well groomed for the Bethlem po
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despite his preparedness to serve w
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not succeed his master directly to
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attendance from that of other physi
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the hospitals by checking the Apoth
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medical attention might occasionall
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predecessors to absenteeism. With t
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however, and the assessment of The
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with the Apothecary, the size of hi
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apprentices and staff of Bridewell,
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Nurse had a 'great practice in the
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Bride, where he was resident, in su
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estates to comfortably bring in an
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his appointment'63. Therapy or negl
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those admitted to the hospital, was
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idiculed and censured by his enemie
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give presentations upon numerous po
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the conduct of numerous demonstrati
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can hardly have been expected to ab
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Indeed, hunter and Macalpine did so
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(including the hire of 'a Midwife'
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Lunacy', but also for her 'sore leg
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he had performed, his quantifying o
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physical injury to patients. One mu
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sertion of Teresia Constantia Phill
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part of the century, the Board cons
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a great deal of cause for practitio
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the patient', and claimed that, not
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assessment that 'very little of rea
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negative in the extreme. Rather tha
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The revolution represented by St. L
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introduction of the therapy of cold
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LO N- F—I _C)
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Table 4c: BETIILEM & BRIDEWELL APOT
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Introduction Chapter 5 The Rule of
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and most reviled of all, while 'Bed
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however, this ruling was to be inst
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of the office, than with the profli
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father's social standing; 'a grave
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Nicholson, Jewson and others, have
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and servants. During the seventeent
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Nixon had formerly been basketmen,
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mittee of governors, prompted by a
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than the rule at Bethlem. At St. Ba
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Male and female servants alike were
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active governor, while Joseph Arnol
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of interest on the Governors' part,
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discharge, without any sign of disa
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Bridewell'31. Inferior officers far
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instead of increasing staff salarie
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While Bethlem servants' wages remai
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almost expected that Stewards would
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With Bethlem's resiting and expansi
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servants to care for them; at 1:17.
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side the Porter, he was also suppos
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were paramount as never before. She
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Matron, three basketmen and a singl
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personall Attendance is required bo
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a result220. Indeed, there are indi
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Naturally, attendance was healthier
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careers. Basketmen were found guilt
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is unknown2as. Between 1700 and 177
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Thomas Willis, writing in 1672, cur
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punishment as counter-productive, b
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Katherine Goodfellow of 'abuses...d
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eminence as a place of cruelty towa
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abuse of patients by Bethlem staff
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instructed to 'locke her upp in one
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The period of Langley's Stewardship
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of supplementing staff's meagre wag
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forbidden repeatedly not 'upon any
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0Ø 0) WI;:!, w CO 0' 1 IC) EC1)
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- cr I- Cl) LO+ C,) 0 N- 0000000 (0
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0 co C C') 0 (0 (0 C C C (0 10 .o -
Page 411 and 412:
Humphrey Withers Isaac Mount John H
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Table 5e: Bethlem Matrons (& Nurses
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Chapter 6 Patients, Obligors, and t
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als. The final section, on the subj
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weekly charge for patients, and the
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from 5/to 2/6 per week, a ceiling a
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insane, transferring or diverting m
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at the direction of Mr. Arnold, a g
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to Bethiem in 1654 at a weekly char
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compassion being eroded at the eigh
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Many obligors had, in fact, been mo
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(a friend of Tyson's and a writer o
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howse.. .[he] should have bene take
Page 437 and 438:
in Figs 6d & 6e, which graph the se
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Prior to 1662, a year's residence h
Page 441 and 442:
insane could be. The Bethlem Board
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acting on reports from persons unna
Page 445 and 446:
abandonment of children described a
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handicapped105. It was the continue
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greater control over admissions aft
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ack home. When, for example, in 167
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Indeed, both Newell and Toote had b
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madhouses who complained bitterly o
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the appropriate action to be taken;
Page 459 and 460:
other patients under severe threat
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to keep them at home or elsewhere w
Page 463 and 464:
22 (or 22%) record that patients we
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desire for the cure of the afflicte
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the patient was provided for and 'r
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examine in any depth what the threa
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children & them Mischief'208. With
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numerous accusations of this nature
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one's own property was even less co
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ill of today attempt (or gain) acce
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1670-1762 after delivering letters,
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the scales of justice in the prison
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mirror on his accusers2 On the othe
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fined at Bethlem or elsewhere witho
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tunes earlier, such behaviour was l
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to look after them, but, if orphane
Page 491 and 492:
members of the new Bethiem Committe
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and Bridewell. From the notorious b
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earthly, medical means. Moreover, w
Page 497 and 498:
ate of female patients over male, f
Page 499 and 500:
a similarly grim, if rather incompl
Page 501 and 502:
months before her admission to Beth
Page 503 and 504:
a temporary or exigency measure, un
Page 505 and 506:
at Bethnal Green madhouse, and one
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hospital, over 22% of male admissio
Page 509 and 510:
insensibility, to a prolonged, vege
Page 511 and 512:
considered somewhat tautological. T
Page 513 and 514:
did more for its public and paying
Page 515 and 516:
0 '4— CI, C a) E I. a) (I) CI, C
Page 517 and 518:
N.. 1 m '0 a' In (U U- U IA 0 U. Ii
Page 519 and 520:
a' '0 (1) k4 '1 P'II 0 p 3' C X X C
Page 521 and 522:
'ic) so 40 34 1' (0 icg 6g (,motIr)
Page 523 and 524:
cc) 7ci 60 (0 - —2. Z-3 S-5 5-Jo
Page 525 and 526:
w (0 E a) -D CC m 0 4-. '4- 0 C 0 -
Page 527 and 528:
Table 6b: Occupations Iwhere record
Page 529 and 530:
Table 6c: Patients' Occupations (wh
Page 531 and 532:
Table 6d: Occupations (where record
Page 533 and 534:
0 Q) Oi co ' ,- . I -- aci) (0 0, 0
Page 535 and 536:
TABLE PE T ITI rs FOR A MISSION TO
Page 537 and 538:
TOTALS 345 101-150km Place km Numbe
Page 539 and 540:
ci) cci E ci) ccO ,T .r 'a) Ea Co 0
Page 541 and 542:
C 0 Co Co E 0 CO CO cO -a-Cf) 1 0 C
Page 543 and 544:
TABLEi(cQnt.l - DataOf Died' ______
Page 545 and 546:
7b1e O csrRc FO& '!NCUMPLE' PATIENT
Page 547 and 548:
TABLE PATIENTS' TOTAL JURATION OF S
Page 549 and 550:
0 C,) 0 aa- 'I- 0 Cl) C) SI 0 F- 0
Page 551 and 552:
4., '-4 El z 0p-I U) U) I-i ON
Page 553 and 554:
\0 0 U) z 0 HU) U) H rL4r-4 0 U) U)
Page 555 and 556:
ality of Bethlem's ancillary staff,
Page 557 and 558:
function of extirpation, or was the
Page 559 and 560:
• AppendiX 2a(ii) Grand Committee
Page 561 and 562:
Appendix 2a(ii) continued t1 é i12
Page 563 and 564:
H11RLRUIK METHODIST. To the Tune of
Page 565 and 566:
:.L Appendix 3a(i) George Dance 'B
Page 567 and 568:
Appendix 3b Prices & Composition of
Page 569 and 570:
, Ii_ 6?Jd'4 L nLJ;:. — i %, t 3f
Page 571 and 572:
KNOW all Men by ihefe Prefents, Tha
Page 573 and 574:
It is necefarj the following Partic
Page 575 and 576:
.!$ • 4,tJOy C4a14 — -- - T II
Page 577 and 578:
7 Appendix 61 Certificate of settle
Page 579 and 580:
Appendix 61(11 Letter from Sir Char
Page 581 and 582:
ppendix 6m Petition for the admissi
Page 583 and 584:
To the Right Worj7ipful the PR E S
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 6p Petition for the admiss
Page 587 and 588:
6) Public Records Office:- PRO Kew
Page 589 and 590:
John Gilbert, A Sermon Preached bef
Page 591 and 592:
Thomas Arnold, Observations on the
Page 593 and 594:
Thomas Dekker and John Webster, Wes
Page 595 and 596:
the Real Art of Physick it self: an
Page 597 and 598:
______ Things Plain and Weighty, Re
Page 599 and 600:
James Yonge, The Journal of James Y
Page 601 and 602:
Michael V. Deporte, Nightmares and
Page 603 and 604:
W. L. Jones, Ministering to Minds D
Page 605 and 606:
______ Was there a moral therapy in
Page 607 and 608:
E. G. Thomas, 'The old poor law and
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