Queen Mary and Westfield College London University PhD Thesis ...

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keepe him at home w[i]th any safety to herselfe his family and the Neighbourhood' 270. Threats to the neighbourhood themselves often manifested a breakdown in the solidity of the family unit, as in the case of the aforementioned Katherine Scudamore, whose churchwardens were 'forced to gett her admitted to... Bethiem' on 'her husband', George, 'refuseing to take care of her' and thus prevent her from disturbing 'the neighbours' 271 . Unruly apprentices and fractious servants also grievously infringed the rigid hierarchies of domestic and working life; were liable to be charged with madness or viciousness for flouting the authority of their masters and mistresses, and were strongly represented amongst committals to Bethiem and Bridewell 272. Merely the potential threat of a mutinous or disaffected inferior was often sufficient to provoke their confinement. While, in the 1680s, Sussanah Parsons was allegedly 'putt into the hospitall of Bethlem for cure of her lunacy' by her widowed mistress, Su8annah Lansdale, more prominent in Lausdale's mind was 'to prevent any dainger that might come by the keeping of...Parsons in her house', and Lansd ale was soon freeing herself of the responsibility for her former servant's maintenance273. Another way of illuminating what sort of individuals were regarded as threatening by society, and liable to be incarcerated in Bethiem, is to ask what kinds of mentally disabled persons were not normally committed to the hospital. I have already outlined the hospital's own exclusions of idiots, epileptics/convulsives, consumptives, the palsied and the infectious. Parish records reveal, in addition, that neither the very old, nor the very young, were likely to be sent to Bethiem. Tile senile, the anile, the demented and the doddering, amongst the poorer classes, tended to be supported in large numbers by outdoor relief, with parish nurses (who were, themselves, often relatives of the afflicted); or in atmshouses and workhouses, or by surviving members of their families 274 . The young mentally defective were more likely to have families 270 Ibul, 26 Oct. 1666, lol. 14. 271 GLRO LSM.55, 27 April 1685. 272 See e.g. cases of Thomas Leadman, committed to Bethiem in 1664, after 'assazilting his M[is]t(r)is[sJ & running away from...his master'; & Henry Crispe, admitted in 1670, for 'threatening to kill', 'abuseing & assaulting his Master', described as 'distracted and very outragious'; BCGM, 10 Feb. 1664, 23 Dec. 1670, 19 Jan. & 16 June 1671, fols 89, 92, 256-7, 266 & 310. 273 GLRO LSM.58, 9 May 1687. In fact, the responsibility of masters and mistresses for servants was often deemed to be null & void once they succumbed to illness, while responsibility for the maintenance of sick & mad appreutkes was more often binding only until the expiration of the term of the indenture. 274 See e.g. cases of Mary Lowe/Lole, Elizabeth Eccle, Margaret Skelton, Thomas Fleming, Eleanor Wilson, Jane Whore, Esther Ludbey, widow Roberts & Mary Perks, of St. Botoiph Bishopegate; GIdheIl MSS 525/19-28, passim. 482
to look after them, but, if orphaned or abandoned, were also supported by outdoor relief, in preference to a much more expensive maintenance at l3ethlem 775 . Such individuals tended to be more innocuous, and capable of being catered for by the more ordinary means at the dirposal of the parish and family. Table 6r, compiled from 103 applicants for admission to Bet.hiem, during 1763 1803, whose petitions mention their ages, and Table 6s; being Ilaslam's survey of the ages of 1664 patients admitted to Bethlem during 1784-94, demonstrate how profoundly admission to the hospital was reserved for those in the prime of adult life, between the ages of 20 and 40. In my own survey, only one was aged under 20; only three were 60 or over; and only 12 (c12%) were 50 or over. The great majority of those committed to the hospital, 45 (c44%), were aged between 30 and 40. In Haslam's more comprehensive analysis, the differentials between the numbers of patients admitted aged 20-30 and aged 30-40 are much narrower, but the fundamental pattern is the same, with only 11% admitted aged between 50 and 70, and just 7% aged under 20. Ignoring the biases of hospital policy and social provision for the insane, Haslam accepted the peak in admissions between the ages of 30 and 40, as a true reflection of the nature of the malady. Although, rather misguidedly, ascribing this peak to the tJheory of enhanced 'hereditary disposition', which was advancing in currency amongst contemporary practitioners; more interestingly, Haslam also pointed to something approaching the modern notion of mid-life crisis, conceiving 'middle age' as a time when powers of adaptability, dloyed by habit, were less resistant to the derangement of 'calamity' and the anxieties of increased responsibility276. Religion and lunacy As is only too familiar to psychiatric historians, the mentally deficient had long been recognised as afflicted by god, and likewise, restored to their understanding only according to god's will; often spoken of as 'innocents' or 'naturals', and in this sense associated with the holy and the elemental; and such notions remained vital in seventeenth century England. They informed not merely the language and imagination of the populace, but also retained considerable vestigial force in the responses and proceedings of legal and administrative bodies dealing with the insane. Royal licences authorising collections on behalf of the poor maintained at the four royal hospitals, exhorted on behalf of those 'straught from there wyttes' and provided for at Bets 1cm, 275 See e.g. cases of Dorca Popkin a 'naturall'; the daughter/eon of Jean/Joan Chee; Roberts, a 'distracted' orphan; & Mary (Magdalen) Browne, a 'natural' & orphan; Gidhall MSS 4525/7, fols 77-89, 134-6, 144-5, )65-78; 4525/8, fola 147-52; 4525,/16, fola 64-77; 4525/17, fols 97-110; 4525/23, fole 74, 76-7. 276 Hasiam, Ob,ervatiens, 116-8. 483
Page 1 and 2:
Queen Mary and Westfield College Lo
Page 3 and 4:
Abbreviations Contents Chapter 1 In
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgments The list of those I
Page 7 and 8:
Chapter 1 Introduction: The Histori
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to 'be interesting' rather than ana
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paradigm of insanity' 9, and in ord
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that the development and practice o
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cure remained a vital object of the
Page 17 and 18:
Introduction Chapter 2 Visiting In
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accessibility' ?12 It is not enough
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would tend to verify the statements
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ernors concerning the conduct of st
Page 25 and 26:
The Exhortatory Show And The Visito
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een worn by the apprentices of Brid
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more likely a patient was to receiv
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e compared to Isabella's role in Th
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egard the patients of Bethiem as th
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theorists and moralists were accord
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Lockean psychology on the Age of Re
Page 39 and 40:
of madness onto society more often
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applied to visiting Bethiem. Thus,
Page 43 and 44:
always mischievous; and that 'if ev
Page 45 and 46:
a similar fashion, in The Changelin
Page 47 and 48:
Although the 8taff knew 'nothing ab
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and the corners of her mouth raised
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and to obtain most 'cause for laugh
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periods, the 'Sport' often became r
Page 55 and 56:
For Anne Digby, too, public visitin
Page 57 and 58:
England and France went to consider
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alias Joseph Warton, in The Adventu
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a year of its opening, he 'was so c
Page 63 and 64:
so contrary an effect' on him that
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sympathy for 'those under such Dism
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or woman 'of feeling'. From searchi
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It was no mere coincidence that Tho
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themselves', three years before thi
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without the Direction of Reason and
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expostutated, after outlining the s
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e sad', indicates how little had ch
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may well have been confined by in l
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Tryon that visitors were allowed an
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Tryon had alleged that I3ethlern wa
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cells, and only 'afforded' the usua
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Moorfields can have done little to
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to the amelioration of such conditi
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Sundays when visitors were barred 3
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acco began to come into better favo
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crusading endeavours to tighten lic
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to have secreted nearly £12 in her
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in four public newspapers and poste
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adjustments had to be made to the b
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carceral institutions447. If such d
Page 105 and 106:
Like Swift, Mackenzie, in his The M
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Governors what a provocation naked
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observed a male patient leap on the
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to mental and physical health, and
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infirmaries, unless friends or rela
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The only question Carkesse records
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pots 'in the Spectators' Faces'522.
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y visiting 'the hospitals about thi
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Court dealt with both complaints in
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in excess of expenditure. By 1770,
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Hyde in 1781, and Jane Gibbs in 180
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whose immediate care they were573 D
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N N Uj I- LA 0 0 (n . 0 I U C CL I
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Fig. 2d Stone rigur.s o? '1s1ancho1
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Fig. 2g New Beth1en in Moorfields c
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- -,.----1 T 1fi' a - -4Ti L- I F1
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Pig. 2k View of Betbiern at Moorfie
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The fact of the matter is that hist
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emoved the artificial obstacles sta
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edding permitted' at I3ethlem is il
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semi-naked state. James Carkesse co
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when provided with them36. Benefact
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charged if their securities failed
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essaries were still 'wanting for th
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equired 'Sheeted Beds'. While 22% i
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deemed capable of looking after the
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subject of considerable censure in
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Indeed, there is very little direct
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vaults at most 100 . Generally in t
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or lousy 'Kennels' was viewed by ma
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concern for matters of hygiene and
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hospitals and prisons'. Moreover, t
Page 171 and 172:
one means of subjugating the signs
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have supposed. Awareness of the nee
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and that the Committee regularly we
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lunacy, as a means of enclosing the
Page 179 and 180:
of the darkness of Bethiem had as m
Page 181 and 182:
the sober splendour of the hospital
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It would be erroneous to suggest, h
Page 185 and 186:
the weather in contemporary medical
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Diet: feeding and starving the poor
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to Bethiem until 1708, by which tim
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to mechanistic theories of diseased
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in, the eighteenth century hospital
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D inner: Supper: Dinner: Supper: DI
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which was an intermittent source of
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What was missing from the Governors
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aged the Matron and Cook to 'scum y
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'every indulgence, which oeconomy p
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Bethlem, in 1692, that the care of
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seems at least to have acted as a s
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occupying patients after mid-centur
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of which Bethiem has been the great
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most other witnesses at the 1815/16
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Bethlem338 In the period before the
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number of Lunatikes' and of 'their
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with appropriate medicaments, and d
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Chains were imposed as a matter of
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against his physical or moral emanc
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a patient was restrained and of the
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ential, when viewed in the context
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unhealthy obstructions, and even at
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p[re]dudiciall to the said hospital
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cells throughout the period, and th
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apeutic/classificatory division of
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the Governors claimed (with an iron
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(agreeing to abate the entire sum o
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access (with the complicity of staf
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of Bridewell and Bethlem 'proposed'
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Fig. 3a City Surveyor, George Dance
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Pig. 3c g160 I, G -t ? Detail from
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Robinson and Robert Whytt, amongst
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Appointments, patronage, sa1arie an
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and accounting of patients' fees an
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independent right to govern the hos
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At the beginning of the eighteenth
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London for seven years when appoint
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sity, and had accompanied his fathe
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een well groomed for the Bethlem po
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despite his preparedness to serve w
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not succeed his master directly to
Page 269 and 270:
attendance from that of other physi
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the hospitals by checking the Apoth
Page 273 and 274:
medical attention might occasionall
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predecessors to absenteeism. With t
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however, and the assessment of The
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with the Apothecary, the size of hi
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apprentices and staff of Bridewell,
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Nurse had a 'great practice in the
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Bride, where he was resident, in su
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estates to comfortably bring in an
Page 289 and 290:
his appointment'63. Therapy or negl
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those admitted to the hospital, was
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idiculed and censured by his enemie
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give presentations upon numerous po
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the conduct of numerous demonstrati
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can hardly have been expected to ab
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Indeed, hunter and Macalpine did so
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(including the hire of 'a Midwife'
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Lunacy', but also for her 'sore leg
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he had performed, his quantifying o
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physical injury to patients. One mu
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sertion of Teresia Constantia Phill
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part of the century, the Board cons
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a great deal of cause for practitio
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the patient', and claimed that, not
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assessment that 'very little of rea
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negative in the extreme. Rather tha
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The revolution represented by St. L
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introduction of the therapy of cold
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LO N- F—I _C)
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Table 4c: BETIILEM & BRIDEWELL APOT
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Introduction Chapter 5 The Rule of
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and most reviled of all, while 'Bed
Page 335 and 336:
however, this ruling was to be inst
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of the office, than with the profli
Page 339 and 340:
father's social standing; 'a grave
Page 341 and 342:
Nicholson, Jewson and others, have
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and servants. During the seventeent
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Nixon had formerly been basketmen,
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mittee of governors, prompted by a
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than the rule at Bethlem. At St. Ba
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Male and female servants alike were
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active governor, while Joseph Arnol
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of interest on the Governors' part,
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discharge, without any sign of disa
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Bridewell'31. Inferior officers far
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instead of increasing staff salarie
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While Bethlem servants' wages remai
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almost expected that Stewards would
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With Bethlem's resiting and expansi
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servants to care for them; at 1:17.
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side the Porter, he was also suppos
Page 373 and 374:
were paramount as never before. She
Page 375 and 376:
Matron, three basketmen and a singl
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personall Attendance is required bo
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a result220. Indeed, there are indi
Page 381 and 382:
Naturally, attendance was healthier
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careers. Basketmen were found guilt
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is unknown2as. Between 1700 and 177
Page 387 and 388:
Thomas Willis, writing in 1672, cur
Page 389 and 390:
punishment as counter-productive, b
Page 391 and 392:
Katherine Goodfellow of 'abuses...d
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eminence as a place of cruelty towa
Page 395 and 396:
abuse of patients by Bethlem staff
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instructed to 'locke her upp in one
Page 399 and 400:
The period of Langley's Stewardship
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of supplementing staff's meagre wag
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forbidden repeatedly not 'upon any
Page 405 and 406:
0Ø 0) WI;:!, w CO 0' 1 IC) EC1)
Page 407 and 408:
- cr I- Cl) LO+ C,) 0 N- 0000000 (0
Page 409 and 410:
0 co C C') 0 (0 (0 C C C (0 10 .o -
Page 411 and 412:
Humphrey Withers Isaac Mount John H
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Table 5e: Bethlem Matrons (& Nurses
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Chapter 6 Patients, Obligors, and t
Page 417 and 418:
als. The final section, on the subj
Page 419 and 420:
weekly charge for patients, and the
Page 421 and 422:
from 5/to 2/6 per week, a ceiling a
Page 423 and 424:
insane, transferring or diverting m
Page 425 and 426:
at the direction of Mr. Arnold, a g
Page 427 and 428:
to Bethiem in 1654 at a weekly char
Page 429 and 430:
compassion being eroded at the eigh
Page 431 and 432:
Many obligors had, in fact, been mo
Page 433 and 434:
(a friend of Tyson's and a writer o
Page 435 and 436:
howse.. .[he] should have bene take
Page 437 and 438: in Figs 6d & 6e, which graph the se
Page 439 and 440: Prior to 1662, a year's residence h
Page 441 and 442: insane could be. The Bethlem Board
Page 443 and 444: acting on reports from persons unna
Page 445 and 446: abandonment of children described a
Page 447 and 448: handicapped105. It was the continue
Page 449 and 450: greater control over admissions aft
Page 451 and 452: ack home. When, for example, in 167
Page 453 and 454: Indeed, both Newell and Toote had b
Page 455 and 456: madhouses who complained bitterly o
Page 457 and 458: the appropriate action to be taken;
Page 459 and 460: other patients under severe threat
Page 461 and 462: to keep them at home or elsewhere w
Page 463 and 464: 22 (or 22%) record that patients we
Page 465 and 466: desire for the cure of the afflicte
Page 467 and 468: the patient was provided for and 'r
Page 469 and 470: examine in any depth what the threa
Page 471 and 472: children & them Mischief'208. With
Page 473 and 474: numerous accusations of this nature
Page 475 and 476: one's own property was even less co
Page 477 and 478: ill of today attempt (or gain) acce
Page 479 and 480: 1670-1762 after delivering letters,
Page 481 and 482: the scales of justice in the prison
Page 483 and 484: mirror on his accusers2 On the othe
Page 485 and 486: fined at Bethlem or elsewhere witho
Page 487: tunes earlier, such behaviour was l
Page 491 and 492: members of the new Bethiem Committe
Page 493 and 494: and Bridewell. From the notorious b
Page 495 and 496: earthly, medical means. Moreover, w
Page 497 and 498: ate of female patients over male, f
Page 499 and 500: a similarly grim, if rather incompl
Page 501 and 502: months before her admission to Beth
Page 503 and 504: a temporary or exigency measure, un
Page 505 and 506: at Bethnal Green madhouse, and one
Page 507 and 508: hospital, over 22% of male admissio
Page 509 and 510: insensibility, to a prolonged, vege
Page 511 and 512: considered somewhat tautological. T
Page 513 and 514: did more for its public and paying
Page 515 and 516: 0 '4— CI, C a) E I. a) (I) CI, C
Page 517 and 518: N.. 1 m '0 a' In (U U- U IA 0 U. Ii
Page 519 and 520: a' '0 (1) k4 '1 P'II 0 p 3' C X X C
Page 521 and 522: 'ic) so 40 34 1' (0 icg 6g (,motIr)
Page 523 and 524: cc) 7ci 60 (0 - —2. Z-3 S-5 5-Jo
Page 525 and 526: w (0 E a) -D CC m 0 4-. '4- 0 C 0 -
Page 527 and 528: Table 6b: Occupations Iwhere record
Page 529 and 530: Table 6c: Patients' Occupations (wh
Page 531 and 532: Table 6d: Occupations (where record
Page 533 and 534: 0 Q) Oi co ' ,- . I -- aci) (0 0, 0
Page 535 and 536: TABLE PE T ITI rs FOR A MISSION TO
Page 537 and 538: TOTALS 345 101-150km Place km Numbe
Page 539 and 540:
ci) cci E ci) ccO ,T .r 'a) Ea Co 0
Page 541 and 542:
C 0 Co Co E 0 CO CO cO -a-Cf) 1 0 C
Page 543 and 544:
TABLEi(cQnt.l - DataOf Died' ______
Page 545 and 546:
7b1e O csrRc FO& '!NCUMPLE' PATIENT
Page 547 and 548:
TABLE PATIENTS' TOTAL JURATION OF S
Page 549 and 550:
0 C,) 0 aa- 'I- 0 Cl) C) SI 0 F- 0
Page 551 and 552:
4., '-4 El z 0p-I U) U) I-i ON
Page 553 and 554:
\0 0 U) z 0 HU) U) H rL4r-4 0 U) U)
Page 555 and 556:
ality of Bethlem's ancillary staff,
Page 557 and 558:
function of extirpation, or was the
Page 559 and 560:
• AppendiX 2a(ii) Grand Committee
Page 561 and 562:
Appendix 2a(ii) continued t1 é i12
Page 563 and 564:
H11RLRUIK METHODIST. To the Tune of
Page 565 and 566:
:.L Appendix 3a(i) George Dance 'B
Page 567 and 568:
Appendix 3b Prices & Composition of
Page 569 and 570:
, Ii_ 6?Jd'4 L nLJ;:. — i %, t 3f
Page 571 and 572:
KNOW all Men by ihefe Prefents, Tha
Page 573 and 574:
It is necefarj the following Partic
Page 575 and 576:
.!$ • 4,tJOy C4a14 — -- - T II
Page 577 and 578:
7 Appendix 61 Certificate of settle
Page 579 and 580:
Appendix 61(11 Letter from Sir Char
Page 581 and 582:
ppendix 6m Petition for the admissi
Page 583 and 584:
To the Right Worj7ipful the PR E S
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 6p Petition for the admiss
Page 587 and 588:
6) Public Records Office:- PRO Kew
Page 589 and 590:
John Gilbert, A Sermon Preached bef
Page 591 and 592:
Thomas Arnold, Observations on the
Page 593 and 594:
Thomas Dekker and John Webster, Wes
Page 595 and 596:
the Real Art of Physick it self: an
Page 597 and 598:
______ Things Plain and Weighty, Re
Page 599 and 600:
James Yonge, The Journal of James Y
Page 601 and 602:
Michael V. Deporte, Nightmares and
Page 603 and 604:
W. L. Jones, Ministering to Minds D
Page 605 and 606:
______ Was there a moral therapy in
Page 607 and 608:
E. G. Thomas, 'The old poor law and
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