Queen Mary and Westfield College London University PhD Thesis ...

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adopts an overly monolithic interpretation of the early modern asylum, and ignores considerable gradations in the management and trea4nent of the insane in this period, preferring to view such as 'undifferentiated'. I have already discussed the limitations of any strictly determinative link between the public exhibition of the insane and their public and private abuse at Bethlem. Scull also posits too rigid a correlation between medical theory and asylum pract ce (in an age when hospitals and madhouses were managed by laymen, not mad-doctors), and neglects some of the subtleties of the medical treatises he alludes to. When quoting Willaim Beicher's Address to Humanity as exemplifying the 'gross exploitation and maltreatment of patients' at eighteenth century madhouses, Scull might also have remarked that l3elcher composed his pamphlet in the form of a dedicatory letter to one of the most established mad-doctors of them all, Thomas Monro, I3ethlem Physician, in gratitude for having secured his release 7. Whips, chains, threats and starvation, were not the standard and indiscriminate issue for the patients of Bethiem that Scull claims they were. Nor were protests against such treatment 'heard' only 'after the turn of the [nineteenth] century'8. I shall proceed to outline my doubts that the whipping, beating and abusing of the insane were either as orthodox or as frequent a prescription for the inmates of I3ethlem (or the insane in general) as they have been considered, in chapters 5 and 6. In this section, however, I shall be chiefly concerned to map out other essential features of the hospital's environmeist, to examine in detail its (allegedly) grossly deficient bedding, clothing, hygiene, air, light, heating, exercise, occupation, and diet; its (supposed) lack of segregation and indiscriminate 'ternfic' system of management and restraint. Much of what I shall be saying will, indeed, partially confirm the central thrust of Scull's critique, that classical treatment of the insane was essentially orientated towards the subjugation of deviance and informed by a view of the 'outragious' maniac (at least) as a dangerous animal, and that this considerably legitimised the 'appalling' cond Lions in which the insane were often kept 9 . My major concern, however, shall be to add nuance and the more precise qualifications of detail to such stark, uncompromising visions of the environment of early modern Bethlem. Indeed, long before Scull locates 'an effort.. .to create an envsronment that See Scull, Social Order/Mental Disorder, 52; William Beicher, Address to Humanity, Coutaining • Letter to Dr. Thomas Monro... (London, 1796), cap. 1-3. 8 Scull, ibtd, 51; & Museums, 63. See Social Order/Mental Disorder, cap. chaps 3 & 6. In Scull's own words 'controlling those who were no longer quite human.. had been the dominant concern of traditional responses to the mad'; 129. I would part company from Scull, nevertheless, in arguing for the existence of a genuine committment to the care and cure of the insane at Bethkm. 136
emoved the artificial obstacles standing in the way of the 'natural' tendencies toward recovery', efforts were being made at Bethlem with the same object in mind'0. 10 Jbsd, 129. See, Andrew, 'Incurably Jnaane', for brief hints on naturopathic theory and practice at eighteenth century hoapitals. 137
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Queen Mary and Westfield College Lo
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Abbreviations Contents Chapter 1 In
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Acknowledgments The list of those I
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Chapter 1 Introduction: The Histori
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to 'be interesting' rather than ana
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paradigm of insanity' 9, and in ord
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that the development and practice o
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cure remained a vital object of the
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Introduction Chapter 2 Visiting In
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accessibility' ?12 It is not enough
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would tend to verify the statements
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ernors concerning the conduct of st
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The Exhortatory Show And The Visito
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een worn by the apprentices of Brid
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more likely a patient was to receiv
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e compared to Isabella's role in Th
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egard the patients of Bethiem as th
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theorists and moralists were accord
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Lockean psychology on the Age of Re
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of madness onto society more often
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applied to visiting Bethiem. Thus,
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always mischievous; and that 'if ev
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a similar fashion, in The Changelin
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Although the 8taff knew 'nothing ab
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and the corners of her mouth raised
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and to obtain most 'cause for laugh
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periods, the 'Sport' often became r
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For Anne Digby, too, public visitin
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England and France went to consider
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alias Joseph Warton, in The Adventu
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a year of its opening, he 'was so c
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so contrary an effect' on him that
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sympathy for 'those under such Dism
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or woman 'of feeling'. From searchi
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It was no mere coincidence that Tho
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themselves', three years before thi
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without the Direction of Reason and
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expostutated, after outlining the s
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e sad', indicates how little had ch
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may well have been confined by in l
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Tryon that visitors were allowed an
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Tryon had alleged that I3ethlern wa
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cells, and only 'afforded' the usua
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Moorfields can have done little to
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to the amelioration of such conditi
Page 91 and 92: Sundays when visitors were barred 3
Page 93 and 94: acco began to come into better favo
Page 95 and 96: crusading endeavours to tighten lic
Page 97 and 98: to have secreted nearly £12 in her
Page 99 and 100: in four public newspapers and poste
Page 101 and 102: adjustments had to be made to the b
Page 103 and 104: carceral institutions447. If such d
Page 105 and 106: Like Swift, Mackenzie, in his The M
Page 107 and 108: Governors what a provocation naked
Page 109 and 110: observed a male patient leap on the
Page 111 and 112: to mental and physical health, and
Page 113 and 114: infirmaries, unless friends or rela
Page 115 and 116: The only question Carkesse records
Page 117 and 118: pots 'in the Spectators' Faces'522.
Page 119 and 120: y visiting 'the hospitals about thi
Page 121 and 122: Court dealt with both complaints in
Page 123 and 124: in excess of expenditure. By 1770,
Page 125 and 126: Hyde in 1781, and Jane Gibbs in 180
Page 127 and 128: whose immediate care they were573 D
Page 129 and 130: N N Uj I- LA 0 0 (n . 0 I U C CL I
Page 132: Fig. 2d Stone rigur.s o? '1s1ancho1
Page 135 and 136: Fig. 2g New Beth1en in Moorfields c
Page 137 and 138: - -,.----1 T 1fi' a - -4Ti L- I F1
Page 139 and 140: Pig. 2k View of Betbiern at Moorfie
Page 141: The fact of the matter is that hist
Page 145 and 146: edding permitted' at I3ethlem is il
Page 147 and 148: semi-naked state. James Carkesse co
Page 149 and 150: when provided with them36. Benefact
Page 151 and 152: charged if their securities failed
Page 153 and 154: essaries were still 'wanting for th
Page 155 and 156: equired 'Sheeted Beds'. While 22% i
Page 157 and 158: deemed capable of looking after the
Page 159 and 160: subject of considerable censure in
Page 161 and 162: Indeed, there is very little direct
Page 163 and 164: vaults at most 100 . Generally in t
Page 165 and 166: or lousy 'Kennels' was viewed by ma
Page 167 and 168: concern for matters of hygiene and
Page 169 and 170: hospitals and prisons'. Moreover, t
Page 171 and 172: one means of subjugating the signs
Page 173 and 174: have supposed. Awareness of the nee
Page 175 and 176: and that the Committee regularly we
Page 177 and 178: lunacy, as a means of enclosing the
Page 179 and 180: of the darkness of Bethiem had as m
Page 181 and 182: the sober splendour of the hospital
Page 183 and 184: It would be erroneous to suggest, h
Page 185 and 186: the weather in contemporary medical
Page 187 and 188: Diet: feeding and starving the poor
Page 189 and 190: to Bethiem until 1708, by which tim
Page 191 and 192: to mechanistic theories of diseased
Page 193 and 194:
in, the eighteenth century hospital
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D inner: Supper: Dinner: Supper: DI
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which was an intermittent source of
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What was missing from the Governors
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aged the Matron and Cook to 'scum y
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'every indulgence, which oeconomy p
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Bethlem, in 1692, that the care of
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seems at least to have acted as a s
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occupying patients after mid-centur
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of which Bethiem has been the great
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most other witnesses at the 1815/16
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Bethlem338 In the period before the
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number of Lunatikes' and of 'their
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with appropriate medicaments, and d
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Chains were imposed as a matter of
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against his physical or moral emanc
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a patient was restrained and of the
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ential, when viewed in the context
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unhealthy obstructions, and even at
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p[re]dudiciall to the said hospital
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cells throughout the period, and th
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apeutic/classificatory division of
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the Governors claimed (with an iron
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(agreeing to abate the entire sum o
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access (with the complicity of staf
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of Bridewell and Bethlem 'proposed'
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Fig. 3a City Surveyor, George Dance
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Pig. 3c g160 I, G -t ? Detail from
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Robinson and Robert Whytt, amongst
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Appointments, patronage, sa1arie an
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and accounting of patients' fees an
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independent right to govern the hos
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At the beginning of the eighteenth
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London for seven years when appoint
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sity, and had accompanied his fathe
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een well groomed for the Bethlem po
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despite his preparedness to serve w
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not succeed his master directly to
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attendance from that of other physi
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the hospitals by checking the Apoth
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medical attention might occasionall
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predecessors to absenteeism. With t
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however, and the assessment of The
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with the Apothecary, the size of hi
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apprentices and staff of Bridewell,
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Nurse had a 'great practice in the
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Bride, where he was resident, in su
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estates to comfortably bring in an
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his appointment'63. Therapy or negl
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those admitted to the hospital, was
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idiculed and censured by his enemie
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give presentations upon numerous po
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the conduct of numerous demonstrati
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can hardly have been expected to ab
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Indeed, hunter and Macalpine did so
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(including the hire of 'a Midwife'
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Lunacy', but also for her 'sore leg
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he had performed, his quantifying o
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physical injury to patients. One mu
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sertion of Teresia Constantia Phill
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part of the century, the Board cons
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a great deal of cause for practitio
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the patient', and claimed that, not
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assessment that 'very little of rea
Page 321 and 322:
negative in the extreme. Rather tha
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The revolution represented by St. L
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introduction of the therapy of cold
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LO N- F—I _C)
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Table 4c: BETIILEM & BRIDEWELL APOT
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Introduction Chapter 5 The Rule of
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and most reviled of all, while 'Bed
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however, this ruling was to be inst
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of the office, than with the profli
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father's social standing; 'a grave
Page 341 and 342:
Nicholson, Jewson and others, have
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and servants. During the seventeent
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Nixon had formerly been basketmen,
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mittee of governors, prompted by a
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than the rule at Bethlem. At St. Ba
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Male and female servants alike were
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active governor, while Joseph Arnol
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of interest on the Governors' part,
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discharge, without any sign of disa
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Bridewell'31. Inferior officers far
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instead of increasing staff salarie
Page 363 and 364:
While Bethlem servants' wages remai
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almost expected that Stewards would
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With Bethlem's resiting and expansi
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servants to care for them; at 1:17.
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side the Porter, he was also suppos
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were paramount as never before. She
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Matron, three basketmen and a singl
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personall Attendance is required bo
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a result220. Indeed, there are indi
Page 381 and 382:
Naturally, attendance was healthier
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careers. Basketmen were found guilt
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is unknown2as. Between 1700 and 177
Page 387 and 388:
Thomas Willis, writing in 1672, cur
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punishment as counter-productive, b
Page 391 and 392:
Katherine Goodfellow of 'abuses...d
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eminence as a place of cruelty towa
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abuse of patients by Bethlem staff
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instructed to 'locke her upp in one
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The period of Langley's Stewardship
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of supplementing staff's meagre wag
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forbidden repeatedly not 'upon any
Page 405 and 406:
0Ø 0) WI;:!, w CO 0' 1 IC) EC1)
Page 407 and 408:
- cr I- Cl) LO+ C,) 0 N- 0000000 (0
Page 409 and 410:
0 co C C') 0 (0 (0 C C C (0 10 .o -
Page 411 and 412:
Humphrey Withers Isaac Mount John H
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Table 5e: Bethlem Matrons (& Nurses
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Chapter 6 Patients, Obligors, and t
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als. The final section, on the subj
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weekly charge for patients, and the
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from 5/to 2/6 per week, a ceiling a
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insane, transferring or diverting m
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at the direction of Mr. Arnold, a g
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to Bethiem in 1654 at a weekly char
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compassion being eroded at the eigh
Page 431 and 432:
Many obligors had, in fact, been mo
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(a friend of Tyson's and a writer o
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howse.. .[he] should have bene take
Page 437 and 438:
in Figs 6d & 6e, which graph the se
Page 439 and 440:
Prior to 1662, a year's residence h
Page 441 and 442:
insane could be. The Bethlem Board
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acting on reports from persons unna
Page 445 and 446:
abandonment of children described a
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handicapped105. It was the continue
Page 449 and 450:
greater control over admissions aft
Page 451 and 452:
ack home. When, for example, in 167
Page 453 and 454:
Indeed, both Newell and Toote had b
Page 455 and 456:
madhouses who complained bitterly o
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the appropriate action to be taken;
Page 459 and 460:
other patients under severe threat
Page 461 and 462:
to keep them at home or elsewhere w
Page 463 and 464:
22 (or 22%) record that patients we
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desire for the cure of the afflicte
Page 467 and 468:
the patient was provided for and 'r
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examine in any depth what the threa
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children & them Mischief'208. With
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numerous accusations of this nature
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one's own property was even less co
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ill of today attempt (or gain) acce
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1670-1762 after delivering letters,
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the scales of justice in the prison
Page 483 and 484:
mirror on his accusers2 On the othe
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fined at Bethlem or elsewhere witho
Page 487 and 488:
tunes earlier, such behaviour was l
Page 489 and 490:
to look after them, but, if orphane
Page 491 and 492:
members of the new Bethiem Committe
Page 493 and 494:
and Bridewell. From the notorious b
Page 495 and 496:
earthly, medical means. Moreover, w
Page 497 and 498:
ate of female patients over male, f
Page 499 and 500:
a similarly grim, if rather incompl
Page 501 and 502:
months before her admission to Beth
Page 503 and 504:
a temporary or exigency measure, un
Page 505 and 506:
at Bethnal Green madhouse, and one
Page 507 and 508:
hospital, over 22% of male admissio
Page 509 and 510:
insensibility, to a prolonged, vege
Page 511 and 512:
considered somewhat tautological. T
Page 513 and 514:
did more for its public and paying
Page 515 and 516:
0 '4— CI, C a) E I. a) (I) CI, C
Page 517 and 518:
N.. 1 m '0 a' In (U U- U IA 0 U. Ii
Page 519 and 520:
a' '0 (1) k4 '1 P'II 0 p 3' C X X C
Page 521 and 522:
'ic) so 40 34 1' (0 icg 6g (,motIr)
Page 523 and 524:
cc) 7ci 60 (0 - —2. Z-3 S-5 5-Jo
Page 525 and 526:
w (0 E a) -D CC m 0 4-. '4- 0 C 0 -
Page 527 and 528:
Table 6b: Occupations Iwhere record
Page 529 and 530:
Table 6c: Patients' Occupations (wh
Page 531 and 532:
Table 6d: Occupations (where record
Page 533 and 534:
0 Q) Oi co ' ,- . I -- aci) (0 0, 0
Page 535 and 536:
TABLE PE T ITI rs FOR A MISSION TO
Page 537 and 538:
TOTALS 345 101-150km Place km Numbe
Page 539 and 540:
ci) cci E ci) ccO ,T .r 'a) Ea Co 0
Page 541 and 542:
C 0 Co Co E 0 CO CO cO -a-Cf) 1 0 C
Page 543 and 544:
TABLEi(cQnt.l - DataOf Died' ______
Page 545 and 546:
7b1e O csrRc FO& '!NCUMPLE' PATIENT
Page 547 and 548:
TABLE PATIENTS' TOTAL JURATION OF S
Page 549 and 550:
0 C,) 0 aa- 'I- 0 Cl) C) SI 0 F- 0
Page 551 and 552:
4., '-4 El z 0p-I U) U) I-i ON
Page 553 and 554:
\0 0 U) z 0 HU) U) H rL4r-4 0 U) U)
Page 555 and 556:
ality of Bethlem's ancillary staff,
Page 557 and 558:
function of extirpation, or was the
Page 559 and 560:
• AppendiX 2a(ii) Grand Committee
Page 561 and 562:
Appendix 2a(ii) continued t1 é i12
Page 563 and 564:
H11RLRUIK METHODIST. To the Tune of
Page 565 and 566:
:.L Appendix 3a(i) George Dance 'B
Page 567 and 568:
Appendix 3b Prices & Composition of
Page 569 and 570:
, Ii_ 6?Jd'4 L nLJ;:. — i %, t 3f
Page 571 and 572:
KNOW all Men by ihefe Prefents, Tha
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It is necefarj the following Partic
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.!$ • 4,tJOy C4a14 — -- - T II
Page 577 and 578:
7 Appendix 61 Certificate of settle
Page 579 and 580:
Appendix 61(11 Letter from Sir Char
Page 581 and 582:
ppendix 6m Petition for the admissi
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To the Right Worj7ipful the PR E S
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 6p Petition for the admiss
Page 587 and 588:
6) Public Records Office:- PRO Kew
Page 589 and 590:
John Gilbert, A Sermon Preached bef
Page 591 and 592:
Thomas Arnold, Observations on the
Page 593 and 594:
Thomas Dekker and John Webster, Wes
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the Real Art of Physick it self: an
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______ Things Plain and Weighty, Re
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James Yonge, The Journal of James Y
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Michael V. Deporte, Nightmares and
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W. L. Jones, Ministering to Minds D
Page 605 and 606:
______ Was there a moral therapy in
Page 607 and 608:
E. G. Thomas, 'The old poor law and
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