Queen Mary and Westfield College London University PhD Thesis ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ex-governor Matthew Benson was regularly commended and rewarded for 'his extraordinary attendance & service' in this respect and, although dying £13 in arrears to the ho8pital, had the debt posthumously remitted on account of his 'extraordinary service more than other Stewards formerly have done or that the p[re]sent Steward is inioyned to doe' 321 . henry White (Steward 1778-85) was a particularly distinguished and efficient holder of the office; the architect of considerable savings in the expence of patients' sheets; handsomely praised and rewarded for his services by the Court and granted honourable mention and a funeral attendance by the Bethlem Treasurer and Lord Mayor, Sir Richard Clark 322 . Nor were all the Governors' efforts at reform completely in vain. The Minutes of the Bethiem Sub-Committee, commencing from 1709, demonstrate that the vetting and ordering of provisions was already being managed thoroughly and efficiently by the Governors, and close tabs being kept upon the operations of the Steward. Laxity on the part of the Board can certainly not be blamed for the persistently poor quality of the provisions that were sent in. Perhaps the most positive, dirigiste reform aimed at improving and economising on the management of provisions, was the Governors' introduction of contrac- tual agreements with suppliers at fixed prices, in 1732. Formerly, the hospital had been at the mercy of market forces, which meant constantly changing prices and left the system very open to the corruption of the Steward or suppliers. Orders were, henceforth, placed in the hands of the Bethlem Committee, which advertised for contractors to serve the hospital according to half yearly (or yearly) undertakings323 . In 1760, the Court actually tendered official thanks to the Bethlem Committee for its 'Great Care Attention & good Management in respect of.. .the large Saveings' in 'the Provisions of that Hospital' 324 . The alterations made across the board, in 1765, to the standing duties and offices of staff, nevertheless, do more to suggest the endurance of wastage, pilfering extortion and inefficiency in the management of provisions, than inspire confidence that effective reforms were being found, let alone enforced 325 . Although staff were a gratuity of £15 by the Governor.. See BCGM, 12 March 1647, fol. 297. 321 hid, 21 April 1653, 27 July 1655, 17 Dec. 1656 & 26 Nov. 1658, fol. 604, 712, 779 & 80. 322 Thid, e.g. 15 Nov. 1781, 21 Nov. 1782, 27 Nov. 1783 & 2 Dec. 1784, lola 19-20, 70, 124-5 & 165; BSCM, 29 Jan. 1780 & 19 July 1783; & the Journal of Richard Clark, Lord Mayor of London, Gitiblk.11 MS 3385, part ii, 23 Aug. 1785. Clark wrote on White'. death: 'in every reapect a worthy man & an able Officer'. 323 Contract, were limited to order, exceeding £io from June 1739, a ceiling which w raiaed to £20 in November of the aarne year. See 11.8, 23 June 1732 & 21 June & 30 Nov. 1739, lola 286, 50 & 65. For dealing. with contractor. .ee BGCM, pissirn, or BGCM contained in BSCM, from 1732, in particular lola 197 & 213-5. 324 1618, 24 July 1760, fol. 343. 325 For the preci.e nature of these alteration., see 16,8, 20 June 1765, e.p. fol. 133. 396
forbidden repeatedly not 'upon any Pretence...to Sell or Retail any Thing whatever to any of the Patients', they were plainly running a lively trade doing just that throughout the period326. Despite the strictness with which the Governors condemned such practices, they had to bear the embarrassment of expelling a long-standing member of their own ranks, Thomas Home, in 1777, for having drawn whatever he desired from the buttery, for a period of about six months, with the connivance of the Steward, Rashfield327. Conclusion Ultimately, the conclusion is inescapable that, as Metcalf put it at the beginning of the nineteenth century, while the standing or 'printed rules' of the hospital were 'good' in 'princi- ple', they were 'departed from' in practice by the staff 328. Metcalf's elaboration, however, that 'the keepers do just as they please' is plainly an exaggerated summary of conditions, at least for the period under consideration. The ideals expressed in the rhetoric and rulings of Court and Committee meetings were, assuredly, greatly in advance of their implementation. Yet wayward staff were regularly reprimanded or dismissed, and there is considerable evidence of qualified success on the part of the Governors, through their multiplying Committees and procedures, particularly in the eighteenth century, in bringing the environment and the conduct of staff under closer control. Indeed, a comparison with the laissez faire government, procedural vacuum and casual visitations, of the early seventeenth century, as against the procedural-maze and Committee-centred dirigisme of the latter eighteenth century; or between the articles and per- formance of 'the dishonest Steward', Langley, and the manifold duties and impeccable service of Henry White; indicates that the house management at Bethlem had made substantial progress in efficiency. Although the majority of visitors and other outsiders denounced the brutishness and corruption of Bethlem's inferior staff, and even foreign visitors, who complimented the gen- eral management of the hospital, missed what they perceived as the kindness and humanity of the Catholic nursing sisters of continental hospitals by comparison; not all observers depicted 'Bedlamite nurses' so negatively 329 . The courtesan, Teresia Constantia Phillips, writing in the 326 i,d, fol. 137; 27 April 1769, fol. 250 & BGCM, 15 Sept. 1785, in BSCM. See, also, spre, chap. 2, & Metcalf'. probably exaggerated exposal of .taff extortion, in his Inierior of Bethlehem. 327 Thid, 1 Oct. 1777; 0' Donoghue, Bethlehem, 264; GM, vol. 47, 26 Sept. & 1 Oct. 1777, 459 & 503, & note, 408. 328 Metcalf, Interior of Bethlehem, 4. 329 See Lonres ci ,e, environ, Paris, 1784). 397
Page 1 and 2:
Queen Mary and Westfield College Lo
Page 3 and 4:
Abbreviations Contents Chapter 1 In
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgments The list of those I
Page 7 and 8:
Chapter 1 Introduction: The Histori
Page 9 and 10:
to 'be interesting' rather than ana
Page 11 and 12:
paradigm of insanity' 9, and in ord
Page 13 and 14:
that the development and practice o
Page 15 and 16:
cure remained a vital object of the
Page 17 and 18:
Introduction Chapter 2 Visiting In
Page 19 and 20:
accessibility' ?12 It is not enough
Page 21 and 22:
would tend to verify the statements
Page 23 and 24:
ernors concerning the conduct of st
Page 25 and 26:
The Exhortatory Show And The Visito
Page 27 and 28:
een worn by the apprentices of Brid
Page 29 and 30:
more likely a patient was to receiv
Page 31 and 32:
e compared to Isabella's role in Th
Page 33 and 34:
egard the patients of Bethiem as th
Page 35 and 36:
theorists and moralists were accord
Page 37 and 38:
Lockean psychology on the Age of Re
Page 39 and 40:
of madness onto society more often
Page 41 and 42:
applied to visiting Bethiem. Thus,
Page 43 and 44:
always mischievous; and that 'if ev
Page 45 and 46:
a similar fashion, in The Changelin
Page 47 and 48:
Although the 8taff knew 'nothing ab
Page 49 and 50:
and the corners of her mouth raised
Page 51 and 52:
and to obtain most 'cause for laugh
Page 53 and 54:
periods, the 'Sport' often became r
Page 55 and 56:
For Anne Digby, too, public visitin
Page 57 and 58:
England and France went to consider
Page 59 and 60:
alias Joseph Warton, in The Adventu
Page 61 and 62:
a year of its opening, he 'was so c
Page 63 and 64:
so contrary an effect' on him that
Page 65 and 66:
sympathy for 'those under such Dism
Page 67 and 68:
or woman 'of feeling'. From searchi
Page 69 and 70:
It was no mere coincidence that Tho
Page 71 and 72:
themselves', three years before thi
Page 73 and 74:
without the Direction of Reason and
Page 75 and 76:
expostutated, after outlining the s
Page 77 and 78:
e sad', indicates how little had ch
Page 79 and 80:
may well have been confined by in l
Page 81 and 82:
Tryon that visitors were allowed an
Page 83 and 84:
Tryon had alleged that I3ethlern wa
Page 85 and 86:
cells, and only 'afforded' the usua
Page 87 and 88:
Moorfields can have done little to
Page 89 and 90:
to the amelioration of such conditi
Page 91 and 92:
Sundays when visitors were barred 3
Page 93 and 94:
acco began to come into better favo
Page 95 and 96:
crusading endeavours to tighten lic
Page 97 and 98:
to have secreted nearly £12 in her
Page 99 and 100:
in four public newspapers and poste
Page 101 and 102:
adjustments had to be made to the b
Page 103 and 104:
carceral institutions447. If such d
Page 105 and 106:
Like Swift, Mackenzie, in his The M
Page 107 and 108:
Governors what a provocation naked
Page 109 and 110:
observed a male patient leap on the
Page 111 and 112:
to mental and physical health, and
Page 113 and 114:
infirmaries, unless friends or rela
Page 115 and 116:
The only question Carkesse records
Page 117 and 118:
pots 'in the Spectators' Faces'522.
Page 119 and 120:
y visiting 'the hospitals about thi
Page 121 and 122:
Court dealt with both complaints in
Page 123 and 124:
in excess of expenditure. By 1770,
Page 125 and 126:
Hyde in 1781, and Jane Gibbs in 180
Page 127 and 128:
whose immediate care they were573 D
Page 129 and 130:
N N Uj I- LA 0 0 (n . 0 I U C CL I
Page 132:
Fig. 2d Stone rigur.s o? '1s1ancho1
Page 135 and 136:
Fig. 2g New Beth1en in Moorfields c
Page 137 and 138:
- -,.----1 T 1fi' a - -4Ti L- I F1
Page 139 and 140:
Pig. 2k View of Betbiern at Moorfie
Page 141 and 142:
The fact of the matter is that hist
Page 143 and 144:
emoved the artificial obstacles sta
Page 145 and 146:
edding permitted' at I3ethlem is il
Page 147 and 148:
semi-naked state. James Carkesse co
Page 149 and 150:
when provided with them36. Benefact
Page 151 and 152:
charged if their securities failed
Page 153 and 154:
essaries were still 'wanting for th
Page 155 and 156:
equired 'Sheeted Beds'. While 22% i
Page 157 and 158:
deemed capable of looking after the
Page 159 and 160:
subject of considerable censure in
Page 161 and 162:
Indeed, there is very little direct
Page 163 and 164:
vaults at most 100 . Generally in t
Page 165 and 166:
or lousy 'Kennels' was viewed by ma
Page 167 and 168:
concern for matters of hygiene and
Page 169 and 170:
hospitals and prisons'. Moreover, t
Page 171 and 172:
one means of subjugating the signs
Page 173 and 174:
have supposed. Awareness of the nee
Page 175 and 176:
and that the Committee regularly we
Page 177 and 178:
lunacy, as a means of enclosing the
Page 179 and 180:
of the darkness of Bethiem had as m
Page 181 and 182:
the sober splendour of the hospital
Page 183 and 184:
It would be erroneous to suggest, h
Page 185 and 186:
the weather in contemporary medical
Page 187 and 188:
Diet: feeding and starving the poor
Page 189 and 190:
to Bethiem until 1708, by which tim
Page 191 and 192:
to mechanistic theories of diseased
Page 193 and 194:
in, the eighteenth century hospital
Page 195 and 196:
D inner: Supper: Dinner: Supper: DI
Page 197 and 198:
which was an intermittent source of
Page 199 and 200:
What was missing from the Governors
Page 201 and 202:
aged the Matron and Cook to 'scum y
Page 203 and 204:
'every indulgence, which oeconomy p
Page 205 and 206:
Bethlem, in 1692, that the care of
Page 207 and 208:
seems at least to have acted as a s
Page 209 and 210:
occupying patients after mid-centur
Page 211 and 212:
of which Bethiem has been the great
Page 213 and 214:
most other witnesses at the 1815/16
Page 215 and 216:
Bethlem338 In the period before the
Page 217 and 218:
number of Lunatikes' and of 'their
Page 219 and 220:
with appropriate medicaments, and d
Page 221 and 222:
Chains were imposed as a matter of
Page 223 and 224:
against his physical or moral emanc
Page 225 and 226:
a patient was restrained and of the
Page 227 and 228:
ential, when viewed in the context
Page 229 and 230:
unhealthy obstructions, and even at
Page 231 and 232:
p[re]dudiciall to the said hospital
Page 233 and 234:
cells throughout the period, and th
Page 235 and 236:
apeutic/classificatory division of
Page 237 and 238:
the Governors claimed (with an iron
Page 239 and 240:
(agreeing to abate the entire sum o
Page 241 and 242:
access (with the complicity of staf
Page 243 and 244:
of Bridewell and Bethlem 'proposed'
Page 245 and 246:
Fig. 3a City Surveyor, George Dance
Page 247 and 248:
Pig. 3c g160 I, G -t ? Detail from
Page 249 and 250:
Robinson and Robert Whytt, amongst
Page 251 and 252:
Appointments, patronage, sa1arie an
Page 253 and 254:
and accounting of patients' fees an
Page 255 and 256:
independent right to govern the hos
Page 257 and 258:
At the beginning of the eighteenth
Page 259 and 260:
London for seven years when appoint
Page 261 and 262:
sity, and had accompanied his fathe
Page 263 and 264:
een well groomed for the Bethlem po
Page 265 and 266:
despite his preparedness to serve w
Page 267 and 268:
not succeed his master directly to
Page 269 and 270:
attendance from that of other physi
Page 271 and 272:
the hospitals by checking the Apoth
Page 273 and 274:
medical attention might occasionall
Page 275 and 276:
predecessors to absenteeism. With t
Page 277 and 278:
however, and the assessment of The
Page 279 and 280:
with the Apothecary, the size of hi
Page 281 and 282:
apprentices and staff of Bridewell,
Page 283 and 284:
Nurse had a 'great practice in the
Page 285 and 286:
Bride, where he was resident, in su
Page 287 and 288:
estates to comfortably bring in an
Page 289 and 290:
his appointment'63. Therapy or negl
Page 291 and 292:
those admitted to the hospital, was
Page 293 and 294:
idiculed and censured by his enemie
Page 295 and 296:
give presentations upon numerous po
Page 297 and 298:
the conduct of numerous demonstrati
Page 299 and 300:
can hardly have been expected to ab
Page 301 and 302:
Indeed, hunter and Macalpine did so
Page 303 and 304:
(including the hire of 'a Midwife'
Page 305 and 306:
Lunacy', but also for her 'sore leg
Page 307 and 308:
he had performed, his quantifying o
Page 309 and 310:
physical injury to patients. One mu
Page 311 and 312:
sertion of Teresia Constantia Phill
Page 313 and 314:
part of the century, the Board cons
Page 315 and 316:
a great deal of cause for practitio
Page 317 and 318:
the patient', and claimed that, not
Page 319 and 320:
assessment that 'very little of rea
Page 321 and 322:
negative in the extreme. Rather tha
Page 323 and 324:
The revolution represented by St. L
Page 325 and 326:
introduction of the therapy of cold
Page 327 and 328:
LO N- F—I _C)
Page 329 and 330:
Table 4c: BETIILEM & BRIDEWELL APOT
Page 331 and 332:
Introduction Chapter 5 The Rule of
Page 333 and 334:
and most reviled of all, while 'Bed
Page 335 and 336:
however, this ruling was to be inst
Page 337 and 338:
of the office, than with the profli
Page 339 and 340:
father's social standing; 'a grave
Page 341 and 342:
Nicholson, Jewson and others, have
Page 343 and 344:
and servants. During the seventeent
Page 345 and 346:
Nixon had formerly been basketmen,
Page 347 and 348:
mittee of governors, prompted by a
Page 349 and 350:
than the rule at Bethlem. At St. Ba
Page 351 and 352: Male and female servants alike were
Page 353 and 354: active governor, while Joseph Arnol
Page 355 and 356: of interest on the Governors' part,
Page 357 and 358: discharge, without any sign of disa
Page 359 and 360: Bridewell'31. Inferior officers far
Page 361 and 362: instead of increasing staff salarie
Page 363 and 364: While Bethlem servants' wages remai
Page 365 and 366: almost expected that Stewards would
Page 367 and 368: With Bethlem's resiting and expansi
Page 369 and 370: servants to care for them; at 1:17.
Page 371 and 372: side the Porter, he was also suppos
Page 373 and 374: were paramount as never before. She
Page 375 and 376: Matron, three basketmen and a singl
Page 377 and 378: personall Attendance is required bo
Page 379 and 380: a result220. Indeed, there are indi
Page 381 and 382: Naturally, attendance was healthier
Page 383 and 384: careers. Basketmen were found guilt
Page 385 and 386: is unknown2as. Between 1700 and 177
Page 387 and 388: Thomas Willis, writing in 1672, cur
Page 389 and 390: punishment as counter-productive, b
Page 391 and 392: Katherine Goodfellow of 'abuses...d
Page 393 and 394: eminence as a place of cruelty towa
Page 395 and 396: abuse of patients by Bethlem staff
Page 397 and 398: instructed to 'locke her upp in one
Page 399 and 400: The period of Langley's Stewardship
Page 401: of supplementing staff's meagre wag
Page 405 and 406: 0Ø 0) WI;:!, w CO 0' 1 IC) EC1)
Page 407 and 408: - cr I- Cl) LO+ C,) 0 N- 0000000 (0
Page 409 and 410: 0 co C C') 0 (0 (0 C C C (0 10 .o -
Page 411 and 412: Humphrey Withers Isaac Mount John H
Page 413 and 414: Table 5e: Bethlem Matrons (& Nurses
Page 415 and 416: Chapter 6 Patients, Obligors, and t
Page 417 and 418: als. The final section, on the subj
Page 419 and 420: weekly charge for patients, and the
Page 421 and 422: from 5/to 2/6 per week, a ceiling a
Page 423 and 424: insane, transferring or diverting m
Page 425 and 426: at the direction of Mr. Arnold, a g
Page 427 and 428: to Bethiem in 1654 at a weekly char
Page 429 and 430: compassion being eroded at the eigh
Page 431 and 432: Many obligors had, in fact, been mo
Page 433 and 434: (a friend of Tyson's and a writer o
Page 435 and 436: howse.. .[he] should have bene take
Page 437 and 438: in Figs 6d & 6e, which graph the se
Page 439 and 440: Prior to 1662, a year's residence h
Page 441 and 442: insane could be. The Bethlem Board
Page 443 and 444: acting on reports from persons unna
Page 445 and 446: abandonment of children described a
Page 447 and 448: handicapped105. It was the continue
Page 449 and 450: greater control over admissions aft
Page 451 and 452: ack home. When, for example, in 167
Page 453 and 454:
Indeed, both Newell and Toote had b
Page 455 and 456:
madhouses who complained bitterly o
Page 457 and 458:
the appropriate action to be taken;
Page 459 and 460:
other patients under severe threat
Page 461 and 462:
to keep them at home or elsewhere w
Page 463 and 464:
22 (or 22%) record that patients we
Page 465 and 466:
desire for the cure of the afflicte
Page 467 and 468:
the patient was provided for and 'r
Page 469 and 470:
examine in any depth what the threa
Page 471 and 472:
children & them Mischief'208. With
Page 473 and 474:
numerous accusations of this nature
Page 475 and 476:
one's own property was even less co
Page 477 and 478:
ill of today attempt (or gain) acce
Page 479 and 480:
1670-1762 after delivering letters,
Page 481 and 482:
the scales of justice in the prison
Page 483 and 484:
mirror on his accusers2 On the othe
Page 485 and 486:
fined at Bethlem or elsewhere witho
Page 487 and 488:
tunes earlier, such behaviour was l
Page 489 and 490:
to look after them, but, if orphane
Page 491 and 492:
members of the new Bethiem Committe
Page 493 and 494:
and Bridewell. From the notorious b
Page 495 and 496:
earthly, medical means. Moreover, w
Page 497 and 498:
ate of female patients over male, f
Page 499 and 500:
a similarly grim, if rather incompl
Page 501 and 502:
months before her admission to Beth
Page 503 and 504:
a temporary or exigency measure, un
Page 505 and 506:
at Bethnal Green madhouse, and one
Page 507 and 508:
hospital, over 22% of male admissio
Page 509 and 510:
insensibility, to a prolonged, vege
Page 511 and 512:
considered somewhat tautological. T
Page 513 and 514:
did more for its public and paying
Page 515 and 516:
0 '4— CI, C a) E I. a) (I) CI, C
Page 517 and 518:
N.. 1 m '0 a' In (U U- U IA 0 U. Ii
Page 519 and 520:
a' '0 (1) k4 '1 P'II 0 p 3' C X X C
Page 521 and 522:
'ic) so 40 34 1' (0 icg 6g (,motIr)
Page 523 and 524:
cc) 7ci 60 (0 - —2. Z-3 S-5 5-Jo
Page 525 and 526:
w (0 E a) -D CC m 0 4-. '4- 0 C 0 -
Page 527 and 528:
Table 6b: Occupations Iwhere record
Page 529 and 530:
Table 6c: Patients' Occupations (wh
Page 531 and 532:
Table 6d: Occupations (where record
Page 533 and 534:
0 Q) Oi co ' ,- . I -- aci) (0 0, 0
Page 535 and 536:
TABLE PE T ITI rs FOR A MISSION TO
Page 537 and 538:
TOTALS 345 101-150km Place km Numbe
Page 539 and 540:
ci) cci E ci) ccO ,T .r 'a) Ea Co 0
Page 541 and 542:
C 0 Co Co E 0 CO CO cO -a-Cf) 1 0 C
Page 543 and 544:
TABLEi(cQnt.l - DataOf Died' ______
Page 545 and 546:
7b1e O csrRc FO& '!NCUMPLE' PATIENT
Page 547 and 548:
TABLE PATIENTS' TOTAL JURATION OF S
Page 549 and 550:
0 C,) 0 aa- 'I- 0 Cl) C) SI 0 F- 0
Page 551 and 552:
4., '-4 El z 0p-I U) U) I-i ON
Page 553 and 554:
\0 0 U) z 0 HU) U) H rL4r-4 0 U) U)
Page 555 and 556:
ality of Bethlem's ancillary staff,
Page 557 and 558:
function of extirpation, or was the
Page 559 and 560:
• AppendiX 2a(ii) Grand Committee
Page 561 and 562:
Appendix 2a(ii) continued t1 é i12
Page 563 and 564:
H11RLRUIK METHODIST. To the Tune of
Page 565 and 566:
:.L Appendix 3a(i) George Dance 'B
Page 567 and 568:
Appendix 3b Prices & Composition of
Page 569 and 570:
, Ii_ 6?Jd'4 L nLJ;:. — i %, t 3f
Page 571 and 572:
KNOW all Men by ihefe Prefents, Tha
Page 573 and 574:
It is necefarj the following Partic
Page 575 and 576:
.!$ • 4,tJOy C4a14 — -- - T II
Page 577 and 578:
7 Appendix 61 Certificate of settle
Page 579 and 580:
Appendix 61(11 Letter from Sir Char
Page 581 and 582:
ppendix 6m Petition for the admissi
Page 583 and 584:
To the Right Worj7ipful the PR E S
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 6p Petition for the admiss
Page 587 and 588:
6) Public Records Office:- PRO Kew
Page 589 and 590:
John Gilbert, A Sermon Preached bef
Page 591 and 592:
Thomas Arnold, Observations on the
Page 593 and 594:
Thomas Dekker and John Webster, Wes
Page 595 and 596:
the Real Art of Physick it self: an
Page 597 and 598:
______ Things Plain and Weighty, Re
Page 599 and 600:
James Yonge, The Journal of James Y
Page 601 and 602:
Michael V. Deporte, Nightmares and
Page 603 and 604:
W. L. Jones, Ministering to Minds D
Page 605 and 606:
______ Was there a moral therapy in
Page 607 and 608:
E. G. Thomas, 'The old poor law and
show all

Queen Mary and Westfield College London University PhD Thesis ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?