Queen Mary and Westfield College London University PhD Thesis ...

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Table 4d: BETHIEM & BRIDEWELL SURGEONS 1629-1815 Jobn Quince William Wright Samuel Sainbrooke John Meredith Edmund Higgs Jeremy Higgs Christopher Talman Richard Blackstone John Wheeler Charles Wheeler Henry Wentworth Richard Crowther Bryan Crowther 23 Dec 1629- ?? ?? - b6 Jul 1632 Deceased (3 Dec 1630 Ord. Dismissed) 6 Jul 1632-b21 Jan 1643 Deceased 21 Jan 1643- Mar 1656 Deceased 2 Apr 1656- 10 Jun 1669 Retired 10 Jun 1669- b7 Apr 1693 Deceased 7 Apr 1693-b19 Mar 1708 Deceased 16 Apr 1708-b17 Dec 1714 Deceased 17 Dec 1714- b4 Dec 1741 Deceased 11 Dec 1741-b28 Oct 1761 Deceased 4 Nov 1761- b2 Mar 1769 Deceased 9 Mar 1769-b22 Jan 1789 Deceased 5 Feb 1789- ?? ??? 1815 Deceased 324 KEY: b=by
Introduction Chapter 5 The Rule of 'Sky-Coloured Coats': Inferior Officers and Servants Nursing staff have always been at the front line of medical provision and constituted the functioning heart of the hospital. Indeed, one may argue that, in terms of patients' experience of illness and incarceration, the hospital attendant represents a much more important area of study than its medical staff. This pertains particularly in the early modern period and at early modern Bethlem, prior to the introduction of case notes and prior to the imposition of the radical, interventionist, methods of treatment which characterised nineteenth century psychiatry, when and where medical men intervened so little in patients' lives. It was attendants who normally administered the medicaments which medical officers dispensed. The inferior officers and keepers of Bethlem were much closer, in respect of social class, culture and the nature of their duties, to the patient population, than either the practitioners or the governing administrators of the hospital. They considerably (and increasingly, as the period progressed) shared the existence and environment of patients; were required to submit to an analogous form of confinement; to reside, sleep and eat, continually within the hospital walls; they caught the same diseases and were often buried in the same graveyards'; the vast majority of their social interaction was with patients and their interests and frustrations centred on patients; occasionally, staff even married patients. Moreover, as patients themselves, like James Carkesse and Urbane Metcalf, agreed, it was not medical men or governors who ruled the roost and determined the tone of patients' lives at the hospital, nor even was it the movements of the planets, moon or stars; rather, it was 'th' Azure of [the] sky-colour'd Coats' of the attendants2. See burial register of St. Botolph Bishopagate, London, which gives details of buriale of patients & staff at Bethlem Churchyard; GzildF,eIl MSS 4515/1, 4515/2, 4515/4, 4516/i & 4516/2, burials 1559-1717. E.g. '1605 [aged) 53 John Pewtle (Perotte?] keep[erJ of bethlem howse ye 22 of maya'; '24 May 1657 Izack [Isaac) Mount [Bethleni Porter 1654-7] [aged) 46'. Staff were also frequently married and had their children beptised/buried at the local Bishopsgate church. E.g. '11 May 1662 Wiliam Godbid [Hethiem Steward 1658-63] & Audrey Jackson p(er) Licence'; '13 June 1632 A Stilborn Dau(ghter] of Issick [Isaacl lovell [sacked Bethiem Steward)'. With the move to Moorfields, burial g of patients, staff and their families, are recorded more regularly in the registers of St. Stephen Coleman Street, but staff seem more often to be distinguished from patients by burial in the church, rather than in the common churchyard; Giiildhall MSS 4449/2 & 4451, burials 1636-1812. E.g. '13 Nov. 1690 J(oh]n Carter Steward of Bedlam (1663-90] Buryed in ye Church'; fol. 4, '8 Dec. 1690 Elizabeth Wile of J[oh)n Greene [basketman 1683-93] Buryed in ye Church 1690'; fol. 14, '21 Oct. 1693 Richard Fancourt [basketman 1682-93] dyed in Bedlam'. William Birch, Bethiem Steward 1734-48, however, actually stipulated in his will that he should be buried in the diurchyard on the north gide of the Coleman Street church at 'as small Expence as may be w[i]th Decency'; see P.C.C. Prob. 11/762, q.n. 171, fols 211-12. 2 James Carlcese, Lsctda Intervslla, 34 & pessmrn; Urbane Metcalf, The Interior of Bethlehem hospital. 325
Page 1 and 2:
Queen Mary and Westfield College Lo
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Abbreviations Contents Chapter 1 In
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Acknowledgments The list of those I
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Chapter 1 Introduction: The Histori
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to 'be interesting' rather than ana
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paradigm of insanity' 9, and in ord
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that the development and practice o
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cure remained a vital object of the
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Introduction Chapter 2 Visiting In
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accessibility' ?12 It is not enough
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would tend to verify the statements
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ernors concerning the conduct of st
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The Exhortatory Show And The Visito
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een worn by the apprentices of Brid
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more likely a patient was to receiv
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e compared to Isabella's role in Th
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egard the patients of Bethiem as th
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theorists and moralists were accord
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Lockean psychology on the Age of Re
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of madness onto society more often
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applied to visiting Bethiem. Thus,
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always mischievous; and that 'if ev
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a similar fashion, in The Changelin
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Although the 8taff knew 'nothing ab
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and the corners of her mouth raised
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and to obtain most 'cause for laugh
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periods, the 'Sport' often became r
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For Anne Digby, too, public visitin
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England and France went to consider
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alias Joseph Warton, in The Adventu
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a year of its opening, he 'was so c
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so contrary an effect' on him that
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sympathy for 'those under such Dism
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or woman 'of feeling'. From searchi
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It was no mere coincidence that Tho
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themselves', three years before thi
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without the Direction of Reason and
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expostutated, after outlining the s
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e sad', indicates how little had ch
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may well have been confined by in l
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Tryon that visitors were allowed an
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Tryon had alleged that I3ethlern wa
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cells, and only 'afforded' the usua
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Moorfields can have done little to
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to the amelioration of such conditi
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Sundays when visitors were barred 3
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acco began to come into better favo
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crusading endeavours to tighten lic
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to have secreted nearly £12 in her
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in four public newspapers and poste
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adjustments had to be made to the b
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carceral institutions447. If such d
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Like Swift, Mackenzie, in his The M
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Governors what a provocation naked
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observed a male patient leap on the
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to mental and physical health, and
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infirmaries, unless friends or rela
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The only question Carkesse records
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pots 'in the Spectators' Faces'522.
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y visiting 'the hospitals about thi
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Court dealt with both complaints in
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in excess of expenditure. By 1770,
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Hyde in 1781, and Jane Gibbs in 180
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whose immediate care they were573 D
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N N Uj I- LA 0 0 (n . 0 I U C CL I
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Fig. 2d Stone rigur.s o? '1s1ancho1
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Fig. 2g New Beth1en in Moorfields c
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- -,.----1 T 1fi' a - -4Ti L- I F1
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Pig. 2k View of Betbiern at Moorfie
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The fact of the matter is that hist
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emoved the artificial obstacles sta
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edding permitted' at I3ethlem is il
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semi-naked state. James Carkesse co
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when provided with them36. Benefact
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charged if their securities failed
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essaries were still 'wanting for th
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equired 'Sheeted Beds'. While 22% i
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deemed capable of looking after the
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subject of considerable censure in
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Indeed, there is very little direct
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vaults at most 100 . Generally in t
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or lousy 'Kennels' was viewed by ma
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concern for matters of hygiene and
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hospitals and prisons'. Moreover, t
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one means of subjugating the signs
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have supposed. Awareness of the nee
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and that the Committee regularly we
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lunacy, as a means of enclosing the
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of the darkness of Bethiem had as m
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the sober splendour of the hospital
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It would be erroneous to suggest, h
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the weather in contemporary medical
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Diet: feeding and starving the poor
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to Bethiem until 1708, by which tim
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to mechanistic theories of diseased
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in, the eighteenth century hospital
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D inner: Supper: Dinner: Supper: DI
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which was an intermittent source of
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What was missing from the Governors
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aged the Matron and Cook to 'scum y
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'every indulgence, which oeconomy p
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Bethlem, in 1692, that the care of
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seems at least to have acted as a s
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occupying patients after mid-centur
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of which Bethiem has been the great
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most other witnesses at the 1815/16
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Bethlem338 In the period before the
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number of Lunatikes' and of 'their
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with appropriate medicaments, and d
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Chains were imposed as a matter of
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against his physical or moral emanc
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a patient was restrained and of the
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ential, when viewed in the context
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unhealthy obstructions, and even at
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p[re]dudiciall to the said hospital
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cells throughout the period, and th
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apeutic/classificatory division of
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the Governors claimed (with an iron
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(agreeing to abate the entire sum o
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access (with the complicity of staf
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of Bridewell and Bethlem 'proposed'
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Fig. 3a City Surveyor, George Dance
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Pig. 3c g160 I, G -t ? Detail from
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Robinson and Robert Whytt, amongst
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Appointments, patronage, sa1arie an
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and accounting of patients' fees an
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independent right to govern the hos
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At the beginning of the eighteenth
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London for seven years when appoint
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sity, and had accompanied his fathe
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een well groomed for the Bethlem po
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despite his preparedness to serve w
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not succeed his master directly to
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attendance from that of other physi
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the hospitals by checking the Apoth
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medical attention might occasionall
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predecessors to absenteeism. With t
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however, and the assessment of The
Page 279 and 280: with the Apothecary, the size of hi
Page 281 and 282: apprentices and staff of Bridewell,
Page 283 and 284: Nurse had a 'great practice in the
Page 285 and 286: Bride, where he was resident, in su
Page 287 and 288: estates to comfortably bring in an
Page 289 and 290: his appointment'63. Therapy or negl
Page 291 and 292: those admitted to the hospital, was
Page 293 and 294: idiculed and censured by his enemie
Page 295 and 296: give presentations upon numerous po
Page 297 and 298: the conduct of numerous demonstrati
Page 299 and 300: can hardly have been expected to ab
Page 301 and 302: Indeed, hunter and Macalpine did so
Page 303 and 304: (including the hire of 'a Midwife'
Page 305 and 306: Lunacy', but also for her 'sore leg
Page 307 and 308: he had performed, his quantifying o
Page 309 and 310: physical injury to patients. One mu
Page 311 and 312: sertion of Teresia Constantia Phill
Page 313 and 314: part of the century, the Board cons
Page 315 and 316: a great deal of cause for practitio
Page 317 and 318: the patient', and claimed that, not
Page 319 and 320: assessment that 'very little of rea
Page 321 and 322: negative in the extreme. Rather tha
Page 323 and 324: The revolution represented by St. L
Page 325 and 326: introduction of the therapy of cold
Page 327 and 328: LO N- F—I _C)
Page 329: Table 4c: BETIILEM & BRIDEWELL APOT
Page 333 and 334: and most reviled of all, while 'Bed
Page 335 and 336: however, this ruling was to be inst
Page 337 and 338: of the office, than with the profli
Page 339 and 340: father's social standing; 'a grave
Page 341 and 342: Nicholson, Jewson and others, have
Page 343 and 344: and servants. During the seventeent
Page 345 and 346: Nixon had formerly been basketmen,
Page 347 and 348: mittee of governors, prompted by a
Page 349 and 350: than the rule at Bethlem. At St. Ba
Page 351 and 352: Male and female servants alike were
Page 353 and 354: active governor, while Joseph Arnol
Page 355 and 356: of interest on the Governors' part,
Page 357 and 358: discharge, without any sign of disa
Page 359 and 360: Bridewell'31. Inferior officers far
Page 361 and 362: instead of increasing staff salarie
Page 363 and 364: While Bethlem servants' wages remai
Page 365 and 366: almost expected that Stewards would
Page 367 and 368: With Bethlem's resiting and expansi
Page 369 and 370: servants to care for them; at 1:17.
Page 371 and 372: side the Porter, he was also suppos
Page 373 and 374: were paramount as never before. She
Page 375 and 376: Matron, three basketmen and a singl
Page 377 and 378: personall Attendance is required bo
Page 379 and 380: a result220. Indeed, there are indi
Page 381 and 382:
Naturally, attendance was healthier
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careers. Basketmen were found guilt
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is unknown2as. Between 1700 and 177
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Thomas Willis, writing in 1672, cur
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punishment as counter-productive, b
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Katherine Goodfellow of 'abuses...d
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eminence as a place of cruelty towa
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abuse of patients by Bethlem staff
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instructed to 'locke her upp in one
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The period of Langley's Stewardship
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of supplementing staff's meagre wag
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forbidden repeatedly not 'upon any
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0Ø 0) WI;:!, w CO 0' 1 IC) EC1)
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- cr I- Cl) LO+ C,) 0 N- 0000000 (0
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0 co C C') 0 (0 (0 C C C (0 10 .o -
Page 411 and 412:
Humphrey Withers Isaac Mount John H
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Table 5e: Bethlem Matrons (& Nurses
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Chapter 6 Patients, Obligors, and t
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als. The final section, on the subj
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weekly charge for patients, and the
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from 5/to 2/6 per week, a ceiling a
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insane, transferring or diverting m
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at the direction of Mr. Arnold, a g
Page 427 and 428:
to Bethiem in 1654 at a weekly char
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compassion being eroded at the eigh
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Many obligors had, in fact, been mo
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(a friend of Tyson's and a writer o
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howse.. .[he] should have bene take
Page 437 and 438:
in Figs 6d & 6e, which graph the se
Page 439 and 440:
Prior to 1662, a year's residence h
Page 441 and 442:
insane could be. The Bethlem Board
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acting on reports from persons unna
Page 445 and 446:
abandonment of children described a
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handicapped105. It was the continue
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greater control over admissions aft
Page 451 and 452:
ack home. When, for example, in 167
Page 453 and 454:
Indeed, both Newell and Toote had b
Page 455 and 456:
madhouses who complained bitterly o
Page 457 and 458:
the appropriate action to be taken;
Page 459 and 460:
other patients under severe threat
Page 461 and 462:
to keep them at home or elsewhere w
Page 463 and 464:
22 (or 22%) record that patients we
Page 465 and 466:
desire for the cure of the afflicte
Page 467 and 468:
the patient was provided for and 'r
Page 469 and 470:
examine in any depth what the threa
Page 471 and 472:
children & them Mischief'208. With
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numerous accusations of this nature
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one's own property was even less co
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ill of today attempt (or gain) acce
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1670-1762 after delivering letters,
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the scales of justice in the prison
Page 483 and 484:
mirror on his accusers2 On the othe
Page 485 and 486:
fined at Bethlem or elsewhere witho
Page 487 and 488:
tunes earlier, such behaviour was l
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to look after them, but, if orphane
Page 491 and 492:
members of the new Bethiem Committe
Page 493 and 494:
and Bridewell. From the notorious b
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earthly, medical means. Moreover, w
Page 497 and 498:
ate of female patients over male, f
Page 499 and 500:
a similarly grim, if rather incompl
Page 501 and 502:
months before her admission to Beth
Page 503 and 504:
a temporary or exigency measure, un
Page 505 and 506:
at Bethnal Green madhouse, and one
Page 507 and 508:
hospital, over 22% of male admissio
Page 509 and 510:
insensibility, to a prolonged, vege
Page 511 and 512:
considered somewhat tautological. T
Page 513 and 514:
did more for its public and paying
Page 515 and 516:
0 '4— CI, C a) E I. a) (I) CI, C
Page 517 and 518:
N.. 1 m '0 a' In (U U- U IA 0 U. Ii
Page 519 and 520:
a' '0 (1) k4 '1 P'II 0 p 3' C X X C
Page 521 and 522:
'ic) so 40 34 1' (0 icg 6g (,motIr)
Page 523 and 524:
cc) 7ci 60 (0 - —2. Z-3 S-5 5-Jo
Page 525 and 526:
w (0 E a) -D CC m 0 4-. '4- 0 C 0 -
Page 527 and 528:
Table 6b: Occupations Iwhere record
Page 529 and 530:
Table 6c: Patients' Occupations (wh
Page 531 and 532:
Table 6d: Occupations (where record
Page 533 and 534:
0 Q) Oi co ' ,- . I -- aci) (0 0, 0
Page 535 and 536:
TABLE PE T ITI rs FOR A MISSION TO
Page 537 and 538:
TOTALS 345 101-150km Place km Numbe
Page 539 and 540:
ci) cci E ci) ccO ,T .r 'a) Ea Co 0
Page 541 and 542:
C 0 Co Co E 0 CO CO cO -a-Cf) 1 0 C
Page 543 and 544:
TABLEi(cQnt.l - DataOf Died' ______
Page 545 and 546:
7b1e O csrRc FO& '!NCUMPLE' PATIENT
Page 547 and 548:
TABLE PATIENTS' TOTAL JURATION OF S
Page 549 and 550:
0 C,) 0 aa- 'I- 0 Cl) C) SI 0 F- 0
Page 551 and 552:
4., '-4 El z 0p-I U) U) I-i ON
Page 553 and 554:
\0 0 U) z 0 HU) U) H rL4r-4 0 U) U)
Page 555 and 556:
ality of Bethlem's ancillary staff,
Page 557 and 558:
function of extirpation, or was the
Page 559 and 560:
• AppendiX 2a(ii) Grand Committee
Page 561 and 562:
Appendix 2a(ii) continued t1 é i12
Page 563 and 564:
H11RLRUIK METHODIST. To the Tune of
Page 565 and 566:
:.L Appendix 3a(i) George Dance 'B
Page 567 and 568:
Appendix 3b Prices & Composition of
Page 569 and 570:
, Ii_ 6?Jd'4 L nLJ;:. — i %, t 3f
Page 571 and 572:
KNOW all Men by ihefe Prefents, Tha
Page 573 and 574:
It is necefarj the following Partic
Page 575 and 576:
.!$ • 4,tJOy C4a14 — -- - T II
Page 577 and 578:
7 Appendix 61 Certificate of settle
Page 579 and 580:
Appendix 61(11 Letter from Sir Char
Page 581 and 582:
ppendix 6m Petition for the admissi
Page 583 and 584:
To the Right Worj7ipful the PR E S
Page 585 and 586:
Appendix 6p Petition for the admiss
Page 587 and 588:
6) Public Records Office:- PRO Kew
Page 589 and 590:
John Gilbert, A Sermon Preached bef
Page 591 and 592:
Thomas Arnold, Observations on the
Page 593 and 594:
Thomas Dekker and John Webster, Wes
Page 595 and 596:
the Real Art of Physick it self: an
Page 597 and 598:
______ Things Plain and Weighty, Re
Page 599 and 600:
James Yonge, The Journal of James Y
Page 601 and 602:
Michael V. Deporte, Nightmares and
Page 603 and 604:
W. L. Jones, Ministering to Minds D
Page 605 and 606:
______ Was there a moral therapy in
Page 607 and 608:
E. G. Thomas, 'The old poor law and
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