TRENDS AND IMPACTS OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRY AGRICULTURE

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BRAZIL Trends and impacts of foreign investment in developing country agriculture access to credit to a large number of small and medium farmers; ii. The Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (EMBRAPA), which with a new paradigm of research development has yielded technological packages adequate to the country’s major agricultural ecosystems; iii. A dynamic partnership policy that included international investment support for the development of the inter-land, especially the savannahs of the central-west region of Brazil that became the most important agricultural producing area of the country; iv. The National System for Rural Extension and Technical Assistance, implemented through the Brazilian Enterprise of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (EMBRATER), a comprehensive agricultural and rural extension service created in 1954 for the state of Minas Gerais, which was expanded in the late 1970s to all states. v. The First and Second National Development Plans (PND), an infrastructure investment programme that was implemented during the 1970s. The programme built a large network of roads that allow the transport of agricultural production from otherwise remote areas of the savannahs, power lines, communications facilities and a network of factories that produce and distribute agricultural inputs, machinery, and tractors; vi. The Brazilian Storage Company (CIBRAZEM), a large network of storage facilities that buy, store and distribute agricultural produce. Several of these public initiatives have been dismantled over the years as the private sector takes over their roles, notably for the production of inputs and machinery. However, others are still strong such as EMBRAPA and PRONAF. This chapter also showed how the business climate of a country can be measured using as an example the Forest Investment Attractiveness Index (IAIF). IAIF also explains how private direct investment in forestry is affected by various factors, both inside and outside agriculture. IAIF is applicable for the specific purpose of investments in forestry. It allows static comparisons between countries or how attractiveness changes in 54 any particular country over the years. It assists investors in the identification of countries where a sustainable forest business is most likely to be successful, and flags Supra, Inter and Intra sectorial factors that affect the business climate. The chapter presented a process used by countries seeking to improve their business climate that is called PROMICEF. Lastly, it presented a brief analysis and recommendations for improving key factors that require attention from stakeholders seeking to improve the business climate for investments. These include at Supra-sectorial level: exchange rates, interest rates and tax burdens; at Inter-sectorial level economic and social infrastructure and environmental restrictions; and at the Intra-sectorial level, the availability of forest vocation lands and solving conflicts related to environmental concerns. References ABRAF. 2010 ABRAF Statistical Yearbook – Base Year 2009. Brasilia, Brazil: Brazilian Association of Forest Plantation Producers. Abreu, M.P. 2004. The Political Economy of High Protection in Brazil before 1987. Working Paper SITI 08A, Buenos Aires: INTAL - ITD. Abreu, M.P. 2004. Trade Liberalization and the Political Economy of Protection in Brazil since 1987. Working Paper - SITI 08B, Buenos Aires: IDB-INTAL. Abreu, M.P. & Bevilaqua, A.S. 2000. Brazil as an Export Economy, 1880-1930. In: An Economic History of Twentieth-century Latin America, by Enrique Cardenas, Jose Antonio Ocampo and Rosemary Thorp, 32-54. New York: Palgrave. Albuquerque, F. 2009. Supermercados suspendem compra de carne de frigoríficos acusados de desmatamento na Amazônia. http://www.agenciabrasil. gov.br/noticias/2009/06/15/ materia.2009-06-15.3487571221/view (accessed 15 June 2009). Almeida Togeiro, L. & dos Santos Rocha, S. 2008. Brazil: Are Foreign Firms Cleaner than Domestic Firms? In Foreign Investment and
Sutainable Development: Lessons from the Americas, by Kevin P. Gallagher, Roberto Porzecanski, Andrés López, and Lyuba Zarsky Editors, 36-39. Washington, DC: Heinrich Böll Foundation North America. Batista, J.C. 2008. The Transport Costs of Brazil’s Exports: A Case Study of Agricultural Machinery and Soybeans. Washington, DC: InterAmerican Development Bank. Borregaard, N., Dufey, A. & Winchester, L. 2008. Chile and Brazil: Does FDI Promote or Undermine Sustainable Forest Industries?” In Foreign Investment and Sutainable Development: Lessons from the Americas, by Kevin P. Gallagher, Roberto Porzecanski, Andrés López, and Lyuba Zarsky Editors, 28-31. Washington, DC: Heinrich Böll Foundation North America. Braga Nonnenberg, M.J. & Cardoso de Mendonca, M.J. 2004. Determinantes dos investimentos diretos externos em paises em desenvolvimento. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA. Brazilian Central Bank. 2010. Investimento estrangeiro direto. http://bcb.gov.br/?INVEDIR (accessed August 2010). Brazilian Forest Service. 2009. Florestas do Brasil em Resumo. Dados de 2005 - 2009. Brasilia, DF: Brazilian Forest Service. Chaddad, F. & Jank, M. 2006. The Evolution of Agricultural Policies and Agribusiness Development in Brazil. Choices, 2006: 85-90. Cristini, M. 2010. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in MERCOSUR Agribusiness Sector . NA: NA. DCED. 2008. Supporting Business Environment Reforms: Practical Guidance for Development Agencies. NP: Donor Committee for Enterprise Development. Dethier, J.-J. & Effenberger, A. 2011. Agriculture and Development: A Brief Review of the Literature. Policy Research Working Paper 5553, Washington, DC: The World Bank. EMBRAPA. 2008. About Us. 20 October 2008. http://www.embrapa.br/english/embrapa/ about-us (accessed 24 August 2011). —. 2010. Balanco Social 2010. 2010. http:// bs.sede.embrapa.br/2010/ (accessed 29 September 2011). Part 3: Policies for attracting FDI and impacts on national economic development —. 2008. Ciência, gestão e inovação: dimensões da agricultura tropical. Brasilia, DF: EMBRAPA- Assessoria de Comunicação Social. FAO. 2009. The State of agricultural commodity markets 2009: high food prices and the food crisis -- experiences and lessons learned. Rome: FAO. —. 2000. World Soil Resources Report 90: land resource potential and constraints at regional and country levels. Rome. Rome: FAO. Fergie, J.A. & Satz, M. 2007. Harvesting Latin America’s Agribusiness Opportunities. The McKinsey Quartely. Sao Paulo & Buenos Aires: Mckinsey & Company. Getulio Vargas Foundation and INCAE Business School. 2008. Forest Investment Atractiveness Index - 2006 Report. Inter- American Development Bank, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and San Jose, Costa Rica: Getulio Vargas Foundation and INCAE. Group of Fifteen. 2010. A Survey Of Foreign Direct Investment In G-15 Countries . Working Papers Series, Volume 7, NA: G-15. Gwartney, J.D. & Lawson, R. 2009. Economic Freedom of the World: 2009 Annual Report. Vancouver, BC: Economic Freedom Network. Hiratuka, C. 2008. Foreign Direct Investment and Transnational Corporations in Brazil: Recent Trends and Impacts on Economic Development. Discussion Paper Number 10. NA: Celio Hiratuka, 2008. Foreign Direct Investment and Transnational Corporations in Brazil: Recent Trends aThe Working Group on Development and Environment in the Americas. Jaumotte, F. 2004. Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Trade Agreements: The Market Size Effect Revisited. IMF Working Paper WP/04/206. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund. Josling, T. 2011. Agriculture. In Preferential Trade Agreement Policies for Development: A Handbook, by Jean-Pierre Chauffour and Jean- Christophe Maur, 143-159. Washington, DC: World Bank Publishing. Lopes Vidigal, I., Rezende Lopes, M. & Campos Barcelos, F. 2007. Da Substituição da Importação a Agricultura Moderna.” Conjuntura Economica, November 2007: 56-66. 55 BRAZIL
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TRENDS AND IMPACTS OF FOREIGN INVES
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Trends and impacts of foreign inves
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Acronyms ABRAF Brazilian Associatio
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EAC East African Community EC Execu
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JV Joint Venture Kascol Kaleya Smal
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PTF Privatization Trust Fund PTS Pe
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Foreword Large-scale international
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xvi Page 4. The business climate fo
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xviii Page 4. Investments by transn
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xx Page 7. Conclusions and recommen
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xxii Page SENEGAL: ASSESSING THE NA
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xxiv Page PART 5: SYNTHESIS OF FIND
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TANZANIA: ANALYSIS OF PRIVATE INVES
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ZAMBIA: INVESTMENT IN AGRICULTURAL
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xxx Page Table 4 Foreign investment
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xxxii Page Table 5 Additional tax b
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PART 4: BUSINESS MODELS FOR AGRICUL
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P A R T O N E INTRODUCTION
Page 42 and 43: Trends and impacts of foreign inves
Page 53 and 54: 1. Introduction 1 Foreign Direct
Page 55 and 56: FIGURE 2 Trends in FDI-African case
Page 57 and 58: FIGURE 6 Average annual growth in c
Page 59 and 60: FIGURE 9 Share of agriculture in to
Page 61 and 62: FIGURE 12 FDI flows to agriculture
Page 63: FIGURE 18 Agricultural Investment i
Page 67 and 68: Improving the business climate for
Page 69 and 70: BOX 1 A brief history of FDI in Bra
Page 71 and 72: BOX 2 TNCs and the Brazilian agrifo
Page 73 and 74: BOX 3 Monsanto Company Part 3: Poli
Page 75 and 76: BOX 5 International Paper Company P
Page 77 and 78: the same time, conserving natural r
Page 79 and 80: CHART 2 Factors that contributed to
Page 81 and 82: TABLE 3 Performance of Brazil for s
Page 83 and 84: BOX 6 Checklist for Foreign Direct
Page 85 and 86: factors that affect, lead to succes
Page 87 and 88: CHART 4 PROMECIF phases cycle Phase
Page 89 and 90: the priority indicators within thes
Page 91: 73 rd in a total of 182 countries e
Page 95: World Bank. 2009. Awakening Africa
Page 98 and 99: TANZANIA Trends and impacts of fore
Page 129 and 130: : Foreign investment and agricultur
Page 131 and 132: the two data sources are compiled o
Page 133 and 134: survey (accounting to approximately
Page 135 and 136: Students are entitled to tuition fe
Page 137 and 138: Free Trade Agreement (TAFTA), was s
Page 139 and 140: Germany, Switzerland, United Kingdo
Page 141 and 142: FIGURE 1 Investment promotion polic
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percent of GDP in 2001considerably
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Philippines indicate their signific
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TABLE 4 Foreign investment approved
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TABLE 6 Export-oriented FDI in the
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followed by fisheries, livestock an
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FDI and employment The impact of FD
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TABLE 12 Employment generated by fo
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BOI investment promotion policy are
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National Food Institute of Thailand
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: Analysis of private investment in
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FIGURE 3 Value of planned foreign i
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TABLE 1 Investment incentives, Ugan
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TABLE 3 Summary of enterprises in c
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Over 95 percent of the total annual
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CHART 1 Uganda coffee value chain C
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CHART 2 Value chain of chrysanthemu
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CHART 3 Value chain for fish proces
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companies and fully owned subsidiar
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(a) the decreasing fish stocks and
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TABLE 5 Sources of investment finan
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Part 3: Policies for attracting FDI
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TABLE 6 Market destinations for sel
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BOX 9 Community services provided b
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BOX 10 Examples of environmental im
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contributed to opening internationa
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Websites 1. faostat.fao.org 2. htt
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Local impacts of selected foreign a
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linkages; unsecured land ownership;
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hectare and 1.5 tonnes per hectare,
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3.2 FDI in agriculture by nationali
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form of pure Korean ownership or pa
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of the discrepancies between CDC da
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TABLE 7 Distribution of ELCs by nat
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the country’s economy. It is ther
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on forest use 13 . Across the count
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The National Strategic Development
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team in December 2010 in the Kompon
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order to transport materials and wo
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other agricultural purposes, but la
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stream (one that is 20-30 m wide) a
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MAFF, prohibited the import of live
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7.5 NGOs/Civil society Local NGOs
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: business models in Ghanaian agri
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TABLE 3 FDI agricultural projects a
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Part 4: Business models for agricul
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level of foreign ownership for each
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land disputes, slowing and complica
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TABLE 6 Ease of doing business in G
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TABLE 8 Selected indicators of the
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estate and out-grower scheme for th
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vice-chairman, secretary, assistant
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are exported, 40 percent are sold t
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strong advocate of bush fire preven
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chiefs, irrespective of whose land
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The Assemblyman of Jimle, a locally
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TABLE 12 Key features of the Solar
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given the lengthy time frame involv
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ESD (Environmentally Sustainable De
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Large-scale agricultural investment
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Touré, 2009). So, agricultural mod
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the lineage holdings to one family
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BOX 2 Content of agricultural inves
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of largescale land acquisitions. 6
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percent); and students, undoubtedly
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BOX 4 The conclusions of the feasib
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Malians. Significant players includ
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out in the absence of strategic pla
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ESIAs. The mass influx of foreign i
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objectives, but the contract makes
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in the sugar sector. The aim was to
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stresses the government’s respons
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covering 857 hectares of land, plus
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Final remarks about project design
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As a result, activities to implemen
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and rural electrification (Agence M
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shareholders began to ask questions
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so far. The revenues received from
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were allocated to investment projec
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family farmers to have access to le
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SENEGAL Trends and impacts of forei
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ZAMBIA Trends and impacts of foreig
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The findings of the studies present
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3. The significance of business mod
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were introduced to enhance producti
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The presence of enabling factors is
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5.8 Type of production system and c
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The available data confirm that the
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the project. This situation increas
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debates on resource-seeking foreign
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programmes for government officials
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EDITED BY: Pascal Liu Suffyan Korom
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TRENDS AND IMPACTS OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRY AGRICULTURE

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