1923%20Memoir%20on%20Maps%20of%20Chinese%20Turkistan%20by%20Stein%20s

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28 IIISTORY OF SURVEYS [Chap. I oIl tilr Inst day of my stay It. R. 11il Sing11 safely rej0in1.d mc to rljy great relief after fully four months of separation. Aftrr lcaving n~e in September in Lil Sinpll'striangnla- tile lllollllt;~ills beYol~tl 'lYi.sll-l;~~r:,.ll;in I I l~atl ~ I~~~sl~c~(l ot~ to Knpa and tion along K'IIII-IIIII. startt>d triangulation along tile main K'un-ltul range fwnl the points to \\.llicll Rfilll SillgJ1)?; work of It106 hat1 brought it. Trying I~ardsliips attt,nded his operations nt, grc:lt I*lt.vatit)lls ;llld 011 gro1111tl (lrvoid of ;ill rthsourees. I3111 l~i! Sing11 l'acttl t11c1n llis ~ ) r o tltltrrn~i~~nt.iot~ ~ ~ ~ l aud sue-ceetlctl ill extc~lrc1i11g his systc111 of triangles eastwar({ for f~~lly iiVt> (It.grees of lonyit,udt-, rt~ncl~ing peaks elosr to tile wrst of BAsh-h-ilrgl~nr~, before ( ~ ~ c~,l(l ~ ;llld ~ ll(,a~y ~ sno~vf:~ll ~ i ~ 01)li~rd ~ him . to cease obscsrvat,ions in tile tuo~u~tains. '' The sl)erial cliflicllltier \vit\~ \vitic\~ tl~c surveyor 11ad to contcntl ill rstSal)lisitillg srtiai'actory statiolls arcurillg ro~~nectio~~s I J \vell-ro~~tlitio~~~~(l ~ t~,i:ingles H~OII," a li~~e of ~no~~~~tains runllinji nlaillly froin \vest. to east, have bc>rn ~~r)tcd by ILajor h. \Iaroll in A\l)l)e~ldis .I, rnheil dealing \vitl, H.13. Sin%ll's triat~~ulatiol~ norl; of i!,l:i-15. 'I'ltere a11 t~s])la~~at,io~t \trill also be fo11uc1 of t.11~ corrections ~vl~ich the I>t~sitions h11o\vn in tile I I I ~ for ~ ) 11is t,ria11~111at~d ,)oints alltl stations recloire in order to hrinq tl~vrn illto agrt,e~nrut \\-it11 tile c*oortlinatt,a deiluce~l b!. co~n~~~t.ation. It ,\-as cllaractc.ristic of 1t.l). L;il Si~~git's encLrr?;)- tltat. ir::vittg t'oitnd f~~rtlrcv triangulation i~n~jossillr, 11ta I)rraistecl in co~~ti~iuing st~rvvy tvork :vit,l~ tile t ~la~~~- Surrey of iuor~l~tniu table towards '~'UII-I~I~~II~, titkin~ special care to obt,ain astroi~ornically ro,lte to ,r,lu-hu~lllp, drtertninc,d Iatitndcs ai~d many lleigllt observations I)y mercurial bar01nett.r :ultl clinon~t~tcr along tllr route tltro~~gl~ those iohosl,it.ablc snon-covcrcd mountains. la After reaching tltc srnall oasis of Nan-l~u he st,ruck tllrongh the drrert northn~artls and returned by the track leading to AlirHn and Cltarklrlik south of t.lle salt-encrusted basin of the ancient Lop sea. Tl~e tlifKeullie.~ of this track, already surveyed by us in 1907, received fresh illastration by tlir fact that Li1 Sinah's party found no ice yet foruned at the most brackish of t,he springs dons its western Itortion, and co~~sec~~lent~ly suffered 1noc11 from tile want of dri~~kable water. On Jaunary 15, l'JlJ., our reunited party moved from Charl
By February Is1 I startcd myself' into the desert north-eastward. My prty numbered tl~irty-five men, having to i~rcludc an adequate posse of labo~~t~eru for On desert rxcavatio~rs. What nvitl~ big loads of ice sr~fficient to absurc trrininlum cxplorntio~ls. allomances of water for at least one month, lvith food burrplies of one month for all and of all additional month for rny own proplc, and wit11 tlle irrt1ir;~~nr;able outfit, the thirty camels 1 lrad rnar~age~l to sccure barely sufficed for tile tralrrjl,o~.t. tli'tcr five marcl~es frorn the dying 'I'i~rill~ illy first goal was reaclrctl in a series of small ancieut sites, to the west of t,he route follo~ved in 1908. They were fou~ttl to extcn~l along a rvellmarked dry river course, clearly 11rovctl by our survey to be a soutlrern bra~rch of tlre ancient KainA-du~.yri ('tl~e Dry Hiver' ) wl~icl~ l~atl once carried water to tlre area of ancient Loo-Ian. ?U Abundant relics recovered at tlrese sites showcd that tlrcy had been abandoned about the beginniug of the fourtl~ cetrtury A. u., aud the antiquarian evidence tl~r~a obtained makes it possible to date a variety of physical featrtrcs \vhicl~ tl~row fresll lixl~t on the hydro. graphy and occopation of this regiou durin? early Ili+torical tirnes and those imn~ediatel~ preceding them. Observations and finds made on our subsequent marches to tlre Lon-Ian site jjrovetl to have a similarly important bearing on the so-called ' Lol)-lri,r problem ', Ancient delta of , , the discussion of which has long been carried on among geographers without an adequate basis of surveys. In the \vind-eroded clay desert crossed there me met a succession of ancient river-beds all lined by rows of dead (ouhrak (wild poplar) trees socl~ as are invariably found along actual river courbes in tl~is region. These beds were clearly recognizable by tlreir direction as l~aving branched off from the ' Dry River ' skirting the foot of the Kuruk-tkgh ; and it was easy to trace their connectior~ with others similarly marked, sllown on our plane-table traverses to and from the Lou-Ian site in 1906 further to the east or west. A careful comparison of all the data tlius recorder1 and of tlrose ascertained a rear later by Afr~z-gul's l~lucky survey of the western edge of the great salt-encrusted basin has convinced me that it nas a considerable delt,a, not a large terminal lake, which had existed )>ere in t,he area south of the Loo-Ian remains durin~ historical times. The extent of this delta to the south and soutli-west can plainly be traced from our several surveys as now shown on the map. ?? After my arrival by February 10th at the ruitied site (L. d. ) ~vl~icll ~narlis the ancient Chinese station of Lou-Ian, I sent reconnaissances into the lleconnnissnnces in desert around ' Lou-Ian nnknonn desert of miud-eroded clay and low drift-sand to the east and sito. ' 11ortl1-east, at the same time 1;eeping nry diggers at work on u~~euplored remains at tile site. These reconnaissances in which Afraz-gul 1ihii11 displayed remarkable zeal and intelligence, were attended with important results. They revealed a series of ruins to the north-east stretching along what I co~~jecturecl to have been the line of tlie earliest Chinese route leading into tlre 'll;iritn basin from Tun-huang and tlic extreme \vest of Chi~~a proper, - as first opened by thr Iran ISmjleror Wrl-ti'.; operwtions in the last quarter of the - second century B. r. ?" Tho discoveries made there iucluded a fortitied cusi~~u,,r \vl~iclr Irad serrecl as a ~roiirf ~l'tyljl~ri for Cl~iucse nlissions and troops where they first reacl~ed Lou-la11 tenitory after crossing the salt-encrusted bed of the dried-111) Lop sea. The,, furnisl~ed me wit11 a safe start.ing-point for tlre difficult task of tracing the line of tl~at famous ancieut route eastwards. '"ee Sheet No. 29. C, D. 4, for the sites wnrked L, Ii.s 1,. I>., L. At. l1 For soule nccoullt of these sites nod the 'fin(1s' made there, see my paper Z.rplut~ntiner irr the Lop Uesert, f3rogrq,hicnl Rectecc,, New York, 1920, is. pp. 11 wq. '"ee Sl~eet No. 29. C, 1). 4. The directioi~ of tile brnnchiq nncieut river beds, generally irom N. W. to 6. E. south of 40' 28' 1:1titndc, nud from \Y. to 13. further north, ia shoau ou the map by the Ijearing of the rows of tlca'l tree sy~rbols as cnlefully eutercd on the l~laoe-table nt the time. YJ For the discoveries made at these ruius cf. G. J., slriii. 1'1~ 123 sqq.; Geyrnyhicnl U~aiea., ir. pp. I9 ~qq. 1:e~nr.liug the Chinese hisroricnl records of the ancieut loate whiclr served for Chinese trnde aud military cxpnusiou into Ccutrnl Aain duriug the lir~t cerltnl.ies before nud after Christ, cf. Scri~~dia, ii. pp. 553 fqq.
Page 1: y-
Page 4 and 5: Ornnia tem1111s edar depascit~~r, o
Page 6 and 7: COLONEL SIR SIDNEY BURRARD, R, E. K
Page 8 and 9: To Colotlel Sir G~1ta1.o I ~~N~x-CO
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF ABBREVIATED TITLES CLERIIEN
Page 12: LIST OF ~'JJATES NoTE.-T~I~ ortler
Page 15: LIST OY MAPS AND CHARTS INDEX MAP,
Page 18 and 19: INTRODUCTORY If this fact is consid
Page 20 and 21: 4 HISTOltY OF SURVEYS [Chap. I dust
Page 22 and 23: 6 HISTORY OF SURVEYS [Chap. I The h
Page 24 and 25: 8 HISTORY OF SL'RVEYS [Chap. I Irka
Page 26 and 27: 10 lIISTORY OF SIJKVEYS [Chap. t pt
Page 28 and 29: 12 HISTORY OF SUltVEYS [Chap. I of
Page 30 and 31: 7 4 HISTORY OE1 SURVEYS [Chap. I Ha
Page 32 and 33: 18 HISTORY OF SITItVEYS [Chap. I Ex
Page 34 and 35: 18 HISTORY OF SURVEYS [Chap. I the
Page 36 and 37: So HISTORY OF Slrll\'ETS [Chap. I n
Page 38 and 39: 22 HISTORY 01: Sl'lt\.b;l'S [Chap.
Page 40 and 41: 91 IIISTOltY Ol? SU11,YKYS [Chap. I
Page 42 and 43: 26 HISTORY OF SUII\'EYS [Chap. I Oc
Page 46 and 47: HISTO11.I' 01: SI'R\'I~:TS [Chap. 1
Page 48 and 49: 32 I-IISTOBY OP SURIrl:YS [Chap. I
Page 50 and 51: 34 lIISTORY 012 SURVEYS [Chap. I jo
Page 52 and 53: 36 HISTORY 01' S~IRV ISYS [Chap. I
Page 54 and 55: 38 IL1s'I'O11Y 01' SIIKVEYS [Chap.
Page 56: 40 IIISTOHY 01' Slill\'lCYS [Chap.
Page 59 and 60: Sec. ii.] THE TAKLAMAKAN DESERT 43
Page 61 and 62: Sec. iii.1 'I'IIIS OASISS Oh' 'rII1
Page 63 and 64: Sec. iv.] TI11C LOP DEPRESSION AND
Page 65 and 66: Sec. iv.] THE LOP DEPlCESSION AND T
Page 67 and 68: Sec. vi.] FROM (:EN'PItAI, NAN-SHAN
Page 69 and 70: ~ec, vi.] THE PRI-RHAN AND EASTERNM
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 111 THE MAPS SELTION I.-COM
Page 73 and 74: Sec. i] COMPILATION OF MAPS 67 It n
Page 75 and 76: Sec. ii.] REL'RESENTATION OY PHY SI
Page 77 and 78: 8ec. iii.] SYMBOLS AND LOCAL NAMES
Page 79 and 80: NOTES ON INDIVIDUAI, MAP SHEETS NOT
Page 81 and 82: Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEET No. 2 6 5
Page 83 and 84: Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEET No. 4 67 o
Page 85 and 86: Chap. IV] NOTKS ON SIIEET No. 7 ti9
Page 87 and 88: Chap. IVJ NOl'lSS ON SIIEET No. 9 7
Page 89 and 90: Chap. IV] NOTES ON SIIEET No. 12 7
Page 91 and 92: Chap. IV] NOTES ON SllXE'r XI). 1 b
Page 93 and 94: Chap. IV] NOTES ON SIIEET No. 1X 77
Page 95 and 96:
Chap. IVj NOTES ON SIIEETS No. 20 7
Page 97 and 98:
Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEET No. 23 81
Page 99 and 100:
Chap. IV1 NOTES ON SHEET No. 26 83
Page 101 and 102:
Chap. IV] NOTES ON SIIEET No. 28 10
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEET NO. 32 $9
Page 107 and 108:
Chap. IV ] NOTES ON SlIElYl' No. H-
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Chap. IV] NOTI1:S ON SI-IEET No. 38
Page 113 and 114:
Chap. IV] NOTISS ON SHEET No. 30 97
Page 115 and 116:
Chap. IV] NOTES ON SIIISET No. 40 9
Page 117 and 118:
Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEETS No. 42 10
Page 119 and 120:
Chap. IV] NOTES ON SHEIST Nos. 1.4.
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
306 APPENDIX A The acci~m~~lation o
Page 125 and 126:
corrcet for Intitudr, is sonle 30 a
Page 127 and 128:
it \\.:is ~~IIIIIC! l)uri~l~ tthc r
Page 129 and 130:
hood of korla, n-lrere tlre discrep
Page 131 and 132:
116 APPENDIX A Intersected Points i
Page 133 and 134:
- -- Stations in Sheet 42.K-(conlii
Page 135 and 136:
Stations in Sheet 42.M ASTRONOMICAL
Page 137 and 138:
Sbvrl( S-). / IntcrserIt3tl Interse
Page 139 and 140:
silcet / series Stations in Sheet 4
Page 141 and 142:
Al'l'lCN 1)IS -4 Stations in Sheet
Page 143 and 144:
Sheet No. Intenected i I A I'l'RN 1
Page 145 and 146:
1 SO AI'I'ISNDI S ../ Intersected P
Page 147 and 148:
Intersected Points in Sheet Gl.L-(c
Page 149 and 150:
I ~11ert.J NO. I Intersected Points
Page 151 and 152:
Intersected Points in Sheet 61.E-(c
Page 153 and 154:
IYE hPPENDIS A Stations in Sheet 69
Page 155 and 156:
Stations in Sheet 69.J EXPLORATION
Page 157 and 158:
. - ~ ~ ~ 1 lntersected Points in S
Page 159 and 160:
Intersected Points in International
Page 161 and 162:
Intersected Points in International
Page 163 and 164:
- Stations in International Sheet N
Page 165 and 166:
160 APPENDIX A Stations in Internat
Page 167 and 168:
1 L:! APPENDIX B METHODS OF REDUC'P
Page 169 and 170:
APPENDIX I) METHOD OF REDUCTION, 19
Page 171 and 172:
Aimak, vill., 12. A. 2. Ailnoduni,
Page 173 and 174:
158 INDISS 01" LOCAL NAhlES Arlmlik
Page 175 and 176:
lh17511. vi1l:tgt) t1:1rt, !I. 1).
Page 177 and 178:
162 lX HISS OY LOC'IL N.\,\IlfS Cl~
Page 179 and 180:
: _ , ' P - p P . LO r.: PO I" ? yv
Page 181 and 182:
166 INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES Ghkei-Haji
Page 183 and 184:
1G8 INDEX OF LOCAL NAMES Ibrnlli~~~
Page 185 and 186:
170 INDEX OF LO( 2AL NAMES Ralta-ja
Page 187 and 188:
172 INDEX 06 Ka~alik, habit,., 11.
Page 189 and 190:
171 lNDES OF LOCAL NAhIES Kic-lrili
Page 191 and 192:
liiiI-:~gl~ri, vill., 5. C'. I. lii
Page 193 and 194:
178 INDEX OLl, Vlll., 5. C'. L. Kt~
Page 195:
180 INDEX OP LOCAL NAUICS Lung-waug
Page 198 and 199:
Ott~~~-~rcJel~a-t~~~lak, aI)rinf, :
Page 200 and 201:
Sing (of I
Page 202 and 203:
Sl16r-cliakniil, lor., 13. B. 4. S1
Page 205 and 206:
190 lNDEX OF LOCAL Ni\?tlISS Tatlik
Page 207 and 208:
192 INDEX OF LOC.iL N:\AIISS :: Tol
Page 209 and 210:
I'sl~ok-birhi. tmct, G. C'. 9. lrsl
Page 212 and 213:
Yinjike-chap, valley, 19. C. 3. Yir
Page 214 and 215:
GJ~NEILBTJ INDXX So~r.-O\vir~g 118
Page 216 and 217:
Kski, astrono~~~. Iaii1.11~Ie of, t
Page 218 and 219:
Ktra-c+l~o~~, :~~~cic!nt Ilarrlcs i
Page 221 and 222:
Tisll-bul:ik, o;isis, :$.I.. 33, !1
Page 223:
;11)llEND-i ET CORRIGENDA P.' .45,
Page 236 and 237:
1 I.~.-l'~~(~'l'-l-III.IAS OF HICHT
Page 238 and 239:
I b .. I. - f: I , '11 7 [It )l"-F:
Page 245:
23. 1 '.- I;L.\('IEH-1'ROITSI:l) K.
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1923%20Memoir%20on%20Maps%20of%20Chinese%20Turkistan%20by%20Stein%20s

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