The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

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ii8 THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD Some years ago M. Chantre investigated a large series of tombs in the basin of the Koban, just north of the Caucasus mountains. Here he found a culture, closely resembhng in many details the remains found in the cemetery at Hallstatt. The earlier weapons were of bronze, but in most cases the swords, while retaining hilts of that metal, had blades of iron or steel. ^ It has been much disputed which of these two cemeteries, HaUstatt and the Koban, is the earher, but I hope to show that the Koban graves must antedate those in Austria. M. Chantre extended his investigations to the other side of the mountains, and on the southern slope of the Caucasus found evidence of the culture of a humble, mountain folk, with rude pots, but, what is important for our purpose, he found in these graves spear-heads and small objects of iron.* Now Professor Gowland has told us that " In Western Asia there are two important districts where iron ores are of very extensive occurrence, and in which remains of early iron manufacture are found." He adds, " from a metallurgical point of view, deduced from the extent and character of the ancient remains, there are strong reasons for believing that the first-mentioned region was the first in which the metal was regularly produced." This first-mentioned region he describes as " on the south-east of the Euxine (ancient Paphlagonia and Pontus) extending from the modem Yeshil Irmak to Batum, and comprising a series of mountain ranges, not far from the coast, along the lower slopes and foot hills of which the iron deposits are scattered."' The graves with the iron spear-heads described by Chantre are just at the north-eastern end of this region, while in the south-western hved later the Chalybes, who were renowned workers in iron in the sixth century.* Chantre has shown that the two cultures which he described were existing at the same time, for the graves of one people sometimes contained objects belonging to the culture of the other ;^ not only, then, did the cultures s3aichronise, but the peoples had come into contact. There is no reason for beheving that the Koban folk, militarist though they were, had conquered their humble neighbours. That the reverse had taken place is unthinkable. The evidence suggests that the contact had been peaceful, 3 Chantre (1886) ii. 6 ^schylus. Pr. vine. 734. 4 Chantre (1886) ii. 101-8. 7 Chantre (1886) ii. 107. 5 Gowland (1912) 281.
THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relations had been established, and perhaps the Koban folk, who appear to have been new-comers in this region, may have taken wives from their neighbours. All this points to the fact that it was in the Koban region that the steppe-folk first learned the use of iron, and that they carried the knowledge of it thence to the Danube basin, rather than that the reverse process took place. But, it may be asked, how can be we sure that our Koban people are the steppe-folk, who have been the heroes of the last few chapters ? Their culture closely resembles that of HaUstatt, which is but a development of the later bronze age culture of Central Europe, and even their earlier graves clearly belong to the same series. This is so obvious that Rostovtzeff is content merely to state that they had come from the west.^ It may be weU, however, to submit more precise proofs of this origin. During the later bronze age a certain type of pin had been used in Hungary, possibly, as some think, as a hair-pin, but used more probably, as Lissauer has suggested, to fasten the chlamys, toga or plaid, which these steppe-folk appear to have worn. These pins are known to the Germans as Rudernadln^ and to the French as epmgles a raquette.^° Lissauer recognises five types, which we will distinguish by the letter A to E. A developes into B, and this again into alternative forms, C and E. A also developes by stages, which are at present missing, into D. Now Types A and B have been found in North Italy, Switzerland, Wurtemberg and on the Rhine. They have also been foimd in Hungary, at Tokes, Gata, Versecz and Butta. c D FIVE TYPES OF RACQUET PINS. Two have been found in Bohemia, at Noutonic and Krendorf , and one at Gaya in Moravia. Thus these two types are fairly well distributed over both halves of the Celtic cradle. Type D has been found at Andrasfalva in Hungary, and at Alt-Bydzow 8 Rostovtzeff (1920) III. 9 Lissauer (1904) 573-580. Chantre (1886) ii. PI. xix. i, 2,
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GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
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THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
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kb^O-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
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'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
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for inviting him to deliver the lec
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LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
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FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
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THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages
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Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
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THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
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THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
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THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
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THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
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THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
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THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
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THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
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WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
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FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
Page 71 and 72: THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
Page 73 and 74: THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
Page 75 and 76: THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS larg
Page 77 and 78: MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
Page 79 and 80: MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
Page 81 and 82: MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain z
Page 83 and 84: ««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
Page 85 and 86: Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
Page 87 and 88: THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
Page 97 and 98: THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
Page 109 and 110: GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
Page 111 and 112: 66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
Page 121: WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
Page 125 and 126: THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
Page 127 and 128: THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
Page 129 and 130: THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
Page 131 and 132: A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
Page 133 and 134: A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
Page 135 and 136: A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crosse
Page 137 and 138: THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
Page 139 and 140: THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
Page 141 and 142: THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
Page 143 and 144: THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
Page 145 and 146: THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
Page 147 and 148: THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all fac
Page 149 and 150: FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
Page 151 and 152: FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
Page 153 and 154: P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
Page 155 and 156: FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
Page 157 and 158: I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE
Page 159 and 160: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
Page 161 and 162: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
Page 163 and 164: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
Page 165 and 166: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
Page 167 and 168: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who
Page 169 and 170: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
Page 171 and 172: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
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CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
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CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern
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Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
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MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
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A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
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R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
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Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
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192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
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194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
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196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
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igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
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200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
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2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
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OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
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li^ilfCvfci,, «--.~T ^..rr"'"^"^"^
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1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
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Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
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Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
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1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
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Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
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v.,"
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