The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

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i62 THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD Rostovtzeff has suggested that these Koban Wiros were the Cimmerians/* and since, as we have seen, these P speaking people appear a few years later in Gaul, and again are found approaching, if they do not actually reach, the peninsula of Jutland, it seems reasonable to believe that the statement of Posidonius,'' which has received Ridgeway's approval,'* is correct, and that the Cimmerians of Russia and of the west,'' as well as the people who gave their name to the Cimbric Chersonese are aU one P speaking people, and that we must include in their number the Brythonic Cymry of Britain, in spite of what Rhys has written to the contrary.*" Whether the name was originally com-brox, compatriots, or not, I must leave to philologists to determine, but if Rhys' etymology is correct, these compatriots were those who set out from the Koban to conquer the greater part of Europe. If this be so the statement quoted by Phny from Lycophron that the Cimmerii were a people hving around Lake Avernus*' may not be a poetic fable, as has been supposed, but may show us that some of the Villa-nova invaders of Italy retained for a time the common name which survives in Wales to-day. Thus I am assuming that the words Kinixkpioi, Kififiepoi, Cimbri Cymry are all one, and suggest the use of the term Kimri" for the whole group. Herodotus tells us that the Russian Cimmerians built castles or forts,*^ a custom which is found among the early iron age or Hallstatt inhabitants of the mountain zone,*'* and reached this country somewhat later in the form of HUl-top camps. Their distribution has not yet been weU worked out, but their date is Hallstatt or sometimes later, and the available evidence from their distribution in time and space suggests that they were the work of different branches of the Kimri. A large number of the Kimri, perhaps the greater part, remained in the Koban region until the seventh century, when they were displaced by incoming Scythian hordes, i^ Rostovtzeff (1920) III. 17 Diodorus Siculus v. 32 ; Niebuhr (1838) ii. 523. 18 Ridgeway (1901) 369, 370. 19 Horn. Od. ii. 14. »" Rhys (1884) 279. 21 Pliny, Hist. Nat. III. ix. " Holmes (1907) 438, says the term was used by Broca (1871) i. 395. »3 Herodotus iv. 12. M D6chelette (1908-14) ii. 593.
THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who appear to have been of mixed Iranian and Mongol origin ; then they overran Asia Minor as far as Sardis/^ But many of these Kimri left the steppe almost immediately after they had developed their iron swords and settled in Thrace ; later they moved up the Danube valley as far, at least, as its junction with the Save. It was not long before the bulk of them moved southwards, probably down the Vardar valley, and about 1000 B.C. began the Dorian invasion of Greece. These introduced into that country iron swords and a P tongue, which, owing to their having mingled with Iranian neighbours in the steppe, retained marked affinities with that group of languages, especially in connection with weapons and other warhke materials. The remainder divided, the larger group pushing up the Danube vaUey towards Ulm and Sigmaringen where they adopted the Celtic speech of their subjects, but labiaUsing the Qs. The smaller group made themselves masters of North Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia, and like their fellows adopted the language of the country, which was allied to Latin, but with the usual changes. It was the latter group which was the first to move, either across the Adriatic or to the north-west and then over the Predil pass into the FriuU. Though they introduced their culture among the Veneti they did not supplant their language, but they pushed on across the Po vaUey, destrojdng the Terramara settlements and dispersing their inhabitants to Etruria, Latium and the region around Tarentum. They settled in the plain to the north of the Apennines, with their headquarters at Felsina or Bononia, and gradually conquered aU the peninsula except Etruria, the Greek colonies and the lands occupied by the Latin tribes. It is doubtful whether these Kimri who invaded Italy were ever known to themselves by one name, but to others they were summed up as Ombri or Umbri. Later, as we have seen, one of their tribes, the Sabines, issuing by night from Amiternum, displaced some of the Latin tribes from the region around Reatse, whence the dispossessed Latins departed towards the mouth of the Tiber. Here some of them coalesced with Terramara refugees, who had erected a dry terramara on a hiH-top beside the river, and to this hiU they gave the name of one of their abandoned cities, Palatium, so that it became mons palatinus. Later, when it had been freshly laid out and surrounded by a wall, it was called Rome. »3 Herodotus i. 6, 15, 16.
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GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
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THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
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kb^O-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
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'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
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for inviting him to deliver the lec
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LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
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FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
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THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages
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Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
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THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
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THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
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THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
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THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
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THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
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THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
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THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
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WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
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FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
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THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS larg
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MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
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MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
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MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain z
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««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
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Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
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THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
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GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
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66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
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GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
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Page 121 and 122: WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
Page 123 and 124: THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relat
Page 125 and 126: THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
Page 127 and 128: THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
Page 129 and 130: THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
Page 131 and 132: A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
Page 133 and 134: A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
Page 135 and 136: A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crosse
Page 137 and 138: THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
Page 139 and 140: THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
Page 141 and 142: THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
Page 143 and 144: THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
Page 145 and 146: THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
Page 147 and 148: THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all fac
Page 149 and 150: FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
Page 151 and 152: FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
Page 153 and 154: P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
Page 155 and 156: FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
Page 157 and 158: I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE
Page 159 and 160: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
Page 161 and 162: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
Page 163 and 164: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
Page 165: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
Page 169 and 170: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
Page 171 and 172: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
Page 173 and 174: CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
Page 175 and 176: CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern
Page 177 and 178: Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
Page 179 and 180: MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
Page 181 and 182: A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
Page 183 and 184: R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
Page 185 and 186: BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
Page 187 and 188: BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
Page 189 and 190: BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
Page 191 and 192: Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
Page 193: BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
Page 196 and 197: 192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
Page 198 and 199: 194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
Page 200 and 201: 196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
Page 202 and 203: igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
Page 204 and 205: 200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
Page 206: PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
Page 212: 2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
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OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
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li^ilfCvfci,, «--.~T ^..rr"'"^"^"^
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1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
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Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
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Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
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1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
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Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
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v.,"
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