The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

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142 THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD a greatly extended area, but it is not so clear that its contraction has been a steady progress. We have already seen, from the evidence cited by Ellsworth Huntington,^* that this contraction and expansion has probably been intermittent. In any case, the contraction has been due to hght rainfall, and it is this hght rainfaU which has produced the desert condition of the Ust Urt. When the Caspian expanded, it was because of increased precipitation, when such parts of the Ust Urt as were not inundated would have been a grassy steppe. Dr. Giles suggests that at one time the Caspian and Aral seas were one great inland sea, and that such was at one time the case is implied by extracts from the writings of Herodotus.^' But though this was almost certainly the case during periods of relatively heavy rainfall, the level would have to have risen well above the 200 metre contour to have obstructed the passage between the Russian and Turkestan steppes. Such a rise is quite unthinkable during the last 6000 years, for had the surface been raised 220 feet above the present sea level the Caspio-Aral Sea would have been connected with the Euxine.^* Even had the impossible occurred and the 200 metre contour been reached it would have been quite easy to pass from one steppe area to another, by crossing the southern slopes of the Urals, which are raised very little above the plain and would form no obstacle to nomad tribes. The Anatolian passage was by no means an easy route to the east, for had the Wiros kept to the north they would have found difficulty in crossing the Armenian mountains ; further south they wovdd have come into contact with the peoples of Mesopotamia, and we should have found evidence of their presence. That some of them passed this way about 2200 B.C. we have aheady seen, but others had passed eastwards earlier, apparently by a different route, for otherwise it is difficult to account for the presence of the Kassites on the Iranian plateau in the time of Hammurabi. The complete absence of any evidence of a movement eastward from the Himgarian plain in neolithic days, and the fact that any such movement would have been compelled to cross the area occupied by the settled Tripolje-folk, seem to be fatal to the hteral acceptance of this hypothesis. 34 Huntington (1907), (1911). 3' Casson (1918-19) 178. 3J Herodotus i. 203, 204 ; iv. 40 ; Casson (1918-19) 175-183.
THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all factors, anthropological and archaeological, geographical and linguistic, into consideration, and in spite of the difference in opinion expressed by Dr. Giles, whose authority to pronounce on the linguistic data all must acknowledge, I am venturing to identify the nomad steppe-folk with the primitive Wiros, while admitting the possibihty that the beginnings of their language may date back to Magdalenian and Azihan times, when they may have been Uving surroimded by the Carpathian ring.
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GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
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THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
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kb^O-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
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'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
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for inviting him to deliver the lec
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LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
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FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
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THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages
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Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
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THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
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THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
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THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
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THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
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THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
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THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
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THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
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WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
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FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
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THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS larg
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MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
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MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
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MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain z
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««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
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Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
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THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
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Page 95 and 96: THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
Page 97 and 98: THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
Page 109 and 110: GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
Page 111 and 112: 66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
Page 121 and 122: WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
Page 123 and 124: THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relat
Page 125 and 126: THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
Page 127 and 128: THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
Page 129 and 130: THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
Page 131 and 132: A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
Page 133 and 134: A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
Page 135 and 136: A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crosse
Page 137 and 138: THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
Page 139 and 140: THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
Page 141 and 142: THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
Page 143 and 144: THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
Page 145: THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
Page 149 and 150: FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
Page 151 and 152: FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
Page 153 and 154: P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
Page 155 and 156: FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
Page 157 and 158: I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE
Page 159 and 160: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
Page 161 and 162: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
Page 163 and 164: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
Page 165 and 166: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
Page 167 and 168: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who
Page 169 and 170: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
Page 171 and 172: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
Page 173 and 174: CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
Page 175 and 176: CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern
Page 177 and 178: Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
Page 179 and 180: MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
Page 181 and 182: A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
Page 183 and 184: R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
Page 185 and 186: BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
Page 187 and 188: BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
Page 189 and 190: BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
Page 191 and 192: Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
Page 193: BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
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192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
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194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
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196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
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igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
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200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
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2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
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OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
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li^ilfCvfci,, «--.~T ^..rr"'"^"^"^
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1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
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Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
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Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
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1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
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Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
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v.,"
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