The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

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BEFORE Appendix I CHRONOLOGY the days of written history positive chronology is to some extent a matter of speculation, and until the beginning of this century it was little more than guesswork. But the discoveries of Cnossos provided synchronisms between the archaeological remains of Egypt and Europe, and since then rival systems have arisen, all of which approximate more or less nearly to the truth. The palseoHthic age, however, still remained in the region of guesswork, and wild and very discrepant attempts have been made to estimate its length. It is still the fashion for some writers to use inflated dates and to count years in hundreds of thousands, but the trend of the evidence produced of late is to encourage moderation, and it seems to me possible that the men responsible for the Fox Hall flints, if indeed they are of human workmanship, may not have been separated from their discoverer by a period of time exceeding 150,000 years. When matters are so problematical, cautious writers are prone to be content with a comparative chronology, or to speak in terms of miUenia. This method has advantages, for such writers run Uttle risk of having to confess that they have made miscalculations. On the other hand, the use of actual dates leads to clear thinking, and to gaining a vivid impression of the story, and since we have now good grounds for estimating such dates, (and I shall not be ashamed to own up if later discoveries prove my estimates to be incorrect), I have adopted positive dates throughout, indicating where special uncertainty exists and the direction in which modification may be expected. While the early palaeolithic age is still a hazy past, and the middle palaeolithic is not in much better case, the later palaeolithic or reindeer age can now be shown to 170
CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern, while the hiatus between that period and the neolithic age has disappeared. Thanks to the work of Baron de Geer" we have some fotmdation for a chronology of this period, and the results of this work have long been made known to Enghsh readers by Professor Sollas.' There seems to be httle doubt but that the pause in the retreat of the Scandinavian ice by Lake Ragunda, which de Geer has dated at 5000 B.C., may be equated, as has been shown by Brooks,^ with the Daun stadium of Penck.* The Fenno-Scandian moraines, on the other hand, can only be equated with the Biihl advance which took place towards the close of Magdalenian times, and this gives us a date of 7000 to 7500 B.C. for Magdalenian. The Goti-glacial moraines seem to indicate the second Wiirm maximum, and SoUas' estimate for the interval seems eminently reasonable and has been adopted here ; the first maximum of the Wiirm seems represented by the Dani-glacial line. The later dates depend, by a series of synchronisms, on those ascertained from the Egyptian monuments, and it is unfortunate that on this point authorities differ. The difference between the various schools of thought has been well and fairly summarised by Dr. Hall ;' the two great protagonists are Professor Fhnders Petrie* and Dr. Edouard Meyer,' whose system has been adopted with slight modifications by Professor Breasted.' For this reason there are alternative systems in vogue for the period preceding 1580 B.C. Since so many great authorities, well acquainted with the facts and well able to interpret them, differ as to the result, one, who is not an Egyptologist, can decide between them only by testing the application of both systems in his own field of study. Having appUed this test to both schemes, I have no hesitation in accepting the latter or shorter chronology, for by the former I find that the earUer periods would be more prolonged than the evolution of the culture warrants. I have therefore, throughout this work used dates based on those given for Egypt by Professor Breasted. This, of course, does not apply to Mesopotamian dates. ' Geer (1896), (1912). J Hall (1913) 15-30- » Sollas (191 1) 395-397. ' Petrie (1906) ch. xii. 3 Brooks (1921). ^ Meyer (1904). 4 Penck & Bruckner (1909). 8 Breasted (1912).
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GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
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THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
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kb^O-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
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'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
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for inviting him to deliver the lec
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LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
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FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
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THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages
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Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
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THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
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THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
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THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
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THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
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THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
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THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
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THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
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WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
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FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
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THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS larg
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MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
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MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
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MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain z
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««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
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Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
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THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
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GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
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66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
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WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
Page 123 and 124: THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relat
Page 125 and 126: THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
Page 127 and 128: THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
Page 129 and 130: THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
Page 131 and 132: A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
Page 133 and 134: A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
Page 135 and 136: A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crosse
Page 137 and 138: THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
Page 139 and 140: THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
Page 141 and 142: THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
Page 143 and 144: THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
Page 145 and 146: THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
Page 147 and 148: THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all fac
Page 149 and 150: FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
Page 151 and 152: FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
Page 153 and 154: P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
Page 155 and 156: FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
Page 157 and 158: I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE
Page 159 and 160: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
Page 161 and 162: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
Page 163 and 164: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
Page 165 and 166: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
Page 167 and 168: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who
Page 169 and 170: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
Page 171 and 172: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
Page 173: CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
Page 177 and 178: Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
Page 179 and 180: MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
Page 181 and 182: A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
Page 183 and 184: R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
Page 185 and 186: BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
Page 187 and 188: BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
Page 189 and 190: BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
Page 191 and 192: Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
Page 193: BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
Page 196 and 197: 192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
Page 198 and 199: 194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
Page 200 and 201: 196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
Page 202 and 203: igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
Page 204 and 205: 200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
Page 206: PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
Page 212: 2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
Page 217: OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
Page 221: li^ilfCvfci,, «--.~T ^..rr"'"^"^"^
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1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
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Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
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Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
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1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
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Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
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v.,"
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