The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

More documents

Recommendations

Info

152 THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD the Villa-nova culture, which is not unlike that of the Dorians, so that it seems reasonable to equate this culture with the Osco-Umbrian or P dialects. The Sabines, as we have seen, are said to have come from Amiternimi; which is on the north-eastern slope of the Apennines, or rather in a valley which opens out on that side. We should, therefore, expect them to have been a P people. But, according to Dionysius, they over-ran a region peopled by the Aborigines, who we have found reason for thinking were a Q people, and, though doubtless they expelled the fighting men, a good number are likely to have remained behind. It is not surprising, therefore, that there should be some uncertainty as to whether the original Sabines spoke a P or a Q dialect. AU the Itahan evidence is consistent with the view that the men of the leaf-shaped sword were Q speaking, while the men with the iron sword spoke P tongues, but before we come finally to a decision, it might be well to make a further test elsewhere. We have seen that the refugees from the mountain zone, armed with Type G swords, fled down the Rhone, the Loire, and the Seine, and that, while the men with the iron swords pursued them down the two former valleys, they left the Seine valley alone. Sir John Rhys and his supporters have suggested that Q speech was at one time spoken in Gaul, and have cited certain place-names in support of their case.'' The value of this evidence has been disputed, but there is one name, in two forms, which so obviously belongs to Q speech, that its value cannot well be denied, and this is Sequana, the ancient name for the Seine, and Sequani, the tribe who hved by its banks. It cannot be merely a coincidence that the best attested Q names have been noted just where Type G swords are found not followed by iron swords, and this case, bearing out as it does the general tenoiir of the Itahan evidence, seems to me to be conclusive. I would submit, therefore, that the archaeological evidence, which I have given in this and in previous chapters, proves, as conclusively as the circumstances of the case are hkely to admit, that the thesis of Sir John Rhys that two waves of people left Central Europe for Italy and the west, the first speaking a Q and the second a P tongue, is absolutely correct, though modifications need to be made in the apphcation of this theory to Greek lands. His view that the P Folk were the people of the Swiss lake-dweUings we have seen good reason to reject. '9 Rhys (1894) 112.
I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS HAVE now cited almost all the evidence which I have collected to solve the question of the Aryan cradle and the dispersal of the Wiros from Central Europe, especially of their raids into the Celtic lands of the west. Except for a few details I have found myself in agreement with other writers, sometimes with this, at others with that authority. This is not surprising, for so many shots have been made, often at random, and without sufficient evidence, that it would be strange if some of them had not hit the mark. Thus with Penka I have argued for an Aryan race, which was Nordic in type, with Cuno that the primitive Wiro language developed on an open plain, which, with Latham and Schrader, I have placed on the Russian steppe. I have found myself in agreement with Sir John Rhys on the main features of his thesis that the Q and P Wiros left Central Europe in two successive waves, and I have argued that the Q Wiros were armed with bronze leaf-shaped swords. This last suggestion has already been hazarded in this country by Crawford,' though backed up with inadequate evidence, and in France by M. Hubert,' with whose evidence I am unacquainted, as his work dealing with the subject has not appeared as I write. But in all these cases I have endeavoured to support my argument, not merely with philological data, as has been the case with most of my predecessors, but with evidence drawn from anthropology and archaeology. The evidence from the Italian I Crawford (1922) 34, 35. » A. XXX. (1920) 575, 576 ; where there is an abstract of a paper read 19th May, 1920, before the Institutfrangais d'Anthropologie, entitled L'etablissement des Celtes dans las Isles Britanniques et de ses indices arch6o- logiques k propos de la diffusion des ^p6es de bronze 4 soie-plate rivet6e. M. Hubert informs me that his work on the Celts wUl be pubhshed shortly. 153 lOA
Page 2 and 3:
GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
Page 5:
THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
Page 8 and 9:
kb^O-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
Page 10 and 11:
'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
Page 12 and 13:
for inviting him to deliver the lec
Page 15:
LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
Page 19 and 20:
FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
Page 21 and 22:
THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages
Page 23 and 24:
Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
Page 25 and 26:
THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
Page 41 and 42:
EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
Page 43 and 44:
EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
Page 45 and 46:
EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
Page 47 and 48:
EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
Page 49 and 50:
EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
Page 51 and 52:
EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
Page 53 and 54:
THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
Page 55 and 56:
THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
Page 57 and 58:
THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
Page 59 and 60:
THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
Page 61 and 62:
THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
Page 63 and 64:
THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
Page 65 and 66:
WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
Page 67 and 68:
THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
Page 69 and 70:
FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
Page 71 and 72:
THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
Page 73 and 74:
THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
Page 75 and 76:
THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS larg
Page 77 and 78:
MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
Page 79 and 80:
MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
Page 81 and 82:
MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain z
Page 83 and 84:
««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
Page 85 and 86:
Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
Page 87 and 88:
THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106: THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
Page 107 and 108: THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
Page 109 and 110: GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
Page 111 and 112: 66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
Page 121 and 122: WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
Page 123 and 124: THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relat
Page 125 and 126: THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
Page 127 and 128: THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
Page 129 and 130: THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
Page 131 and 132: A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
Page 133 and 134: A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
Page 135 and 136: A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crosse
Page 137 and 138: THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
Page 139 and 140: THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
Page 141 and 142: THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
Page 143 and 144: THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
Page 145 and 146: THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
Page 147 and 148: THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all fac
Page 149 and 150: FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
Page 151 and 152: FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
Page 153 and 154: P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
Page 155: FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
Page 159 and 160: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
Page 161 and 162: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
Page 163 and 164: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
Page 165 and 166: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
Page 167 and 168: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who
Page 169 and 170: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
Page 171 and 172: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
Page 173 and 174: CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
Page 175 and 176: CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern
Page 177 and 178: Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
Page 179 and 180: MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
Page 181 and 182: A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
Page 183 and 184: R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
Page 185 and 186: BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
Page 187 and 188: BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
Page 189 and 190: BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
Page 191 and 192: Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
Page 193: BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
Page 196 and 197: 192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
Page 198 and 199: 194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
Page 200 and 201: 196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
Page 202 and 203: igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
Page 204 and 205: 200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
Page 206:
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
Page 212:
2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
Page 217:
OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
Page 221:
li^ilfCvfci,, «--.~T ^..rr"'"^"^"^
Page 228 and 229:
1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
Page 232:
Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
Page 240:
Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
Page 248:
1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
Page 256 and 257:
Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
Page 258:
v.,"
show all

The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?