The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

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70 THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD which they had hunted and ate into a means whereby they could roam with greater ease and rapidity over the grassy plains. The subjugation of the horse would have rendered easier the domestication of cattle, which in turn changed them from hippophagists to beef-eaters. Their robustness and long-headedness, combined with their roaming instincts and devotion to the horse, which will become clearer as we proceed, have convinced me that we are here dealing with that tall, fair, long-headed type, now dominant in northern Europe, which we term the Nordic race.^* 34 Peake {1916) 1. 162, 163 ; (1922) 1. 51.
THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS large tracts of Asia have been subject to a gradual process of desiccation has been made clear to us by the reports of the successive explorations of Sir Aurel Stein, who has shown us that regions, which are now uninhabited desert, once held a flourishing population. It has been suggested by Ellsworth Huntington,' who accompanied the Pumpelly expedition to Turkestan, that the process of desiccation has been neither continuous nor progressive, but has been subject to intermittent action and the alternation of dry and wet periods. The evidence which he has adduced of the rise and fall of the level of the Caspian sea seems to bear out his thesis, which has been further strengthened by his later observations in Palestine and on the shores of the Dead Sea.* It is part of Ellsworth Huntington's hypothesis that during these periods of drought, or hght precipitation, the population of the steppe lands, which had grown in numbers during the previous years of heavier rainfall, have found it difficult to obtain adequate pasturage for their flocks and herds, and have in consequence dispersed to more favoured regions. To this he attributes the great raids from the steppe and desert into the more fertile zones adjoining them, which have been so marked a feature in the history of the Near East. He points out that a relatively small diminution of rainfall may make all the difference between a sufficient and inadequate crop of grass, and should the crop be insuflficient, the flocks and herds, the sole means of support for the steppe-folks, would inevitably perish unless driven to moister regions. How serious even one dry year may be has recently been brought home to us by the Russian famine in 192 1. ' Huntington (1907) » Huntington (1911). 71
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GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
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THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
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kb^O-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
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'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
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for inviting him to deliver the lec
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LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
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FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
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THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages
Page 23 and 24: Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
Page 25 and 26: THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 29 and 30: THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 39 and 40: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
Page 41 and 42: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
Page 43 and 44: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
Page 45 and 46: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
Page 47 and 48: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
Page 49 and 50: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
Page 51 and 52: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
Page 53 and 54: THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
Page 55 and 56: THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
Page 57 and 58: THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
Page 59 and 60: THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
Page 61 and 62: THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
Page 63 and 64: THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
Page 65 and 66: WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
Page 67 and 68: THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
Page 69 and 70: FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
Page 71 and 72: THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
Page 73: THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
Page 77 and 78: MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
Page 79 and 80: MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
Page 81 and 82: MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain z
Page 83 and 84: ««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
Page 85 and 86: Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
Page 87 and 88: THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
Page 97 and 98: THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
Page 109 and 110: GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
Page 111 and 112: 66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
Page 121 and 122: WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
Page 123 and 124: THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relat
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THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
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THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
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THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
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A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
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A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
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A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crosse
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
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THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all fac
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FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
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FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
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P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
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FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
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I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
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CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
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CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern
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Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
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MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
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A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
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R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
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Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
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192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
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194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
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196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
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igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
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200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
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2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
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OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
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li^ilfCvfci,, «--.~T ^..rr"'"^"^"^
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1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
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Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
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Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
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1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
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Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
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v.,"
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