The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

More documents

Recommendations

Info

90 THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD where the diminished thickness begins abruptly spindle-shaped. FIG. 15. SPINDLE- SHAPED SECTION. In other cases the section is Type D, as has been noted, closely resembles Type C, but the curves of the oval, which were fairly true in Type C, have been much flattened. In other respects it differs httle from the more developed examples of Type C. The spindle-shaped section appears to be more common. In Type E the convexity of the butt has almost disappeared ; the tang and the butt blend more thoroughly, which makes the junction a larger hollow curve than in the previous types. The sides of the butt are ahnost if not quite straight, and the only trace of the original convexity is to be found in the lower part of the butt, which terminates in a beak or nose. The flanges of the tang are tending to disappear, and in many cases are nothing but an irregular thickening of the parts nearest to the outside. This type, as we shall see, is widely distributed, and has developed many local variants, which can readily be recognised but not easily described. The blade in this type, especially in the west, usually displays the characteristic widening two thirds of the way down the blade, which has given rise to the term leaf- shaped sword. The lines parallel to the edge are always relatively near to it, in most cases very near, and the blades are usually flatter and narrower, though the spindle-shaped section stiU occurs. Type F is that described by Dechelette as Proto- Hallstatt, and in many respects resembles Type G. The sides of the butt are straight or shghtly concave, and the head of the tang expands into a T-shaped form. The flange has entirely disappeared and the rivet-holes in the centre of the tang are frequently, though not invariably replaced by a long slot. The conspicuous feature of this type and of Type G, though it may occasionaUy be absent from Type F, is that the cutting edge of the blade does FIG. 16. THE CUTTING EDGE OF THE BLADE BEGINS AN INCH OR TWO BELOW THE BUTT. not begin for an inch or two below the butt. The iUustrations will explain this better than any words can do, but the point to note is that this portion, between the butt and
THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SWORD 91 the true edge of the blade, has a blunt edge, and gives the impression that something has been tied round it. It may be that at this spot leather bands have been attached, like the sword-knots of the modem swords and the leather loops of policemen's batons ; by holding this leather loop the weapon is less hkely to be snatched from the hand or lost. Type G is the well-known HaUstatt type. In this the lines of the butt have become definitely concave, the tang is thinner and always without flanges, and terminates in a semi-hexagonal finial ; the rivets, which are usually found attached to the tang, are much smaller. The blade is rather narrower than in most of the preceding types, but the widest part is characteristically two-thirds of the way down the blade. The parallel groove is close to the edge, and the edge ceases before reaching the butt, as in the case of Type F. The section is spindle-shaped, with a decided modification at the edge. Some examples of Type G found in the west, especially in the British Isles, vary in some details from the specimens found in HaUstatt. This is especially the case with regard to the shape of the finial. But speaking generally this type must have survived for a long time with relatively little change, since it appears first in the oldest graves at HaUstatt, while it is beUeved to have remained in use in this country until the introduction FIG. 17. of iron swords in the fifth century. SHAPED SECTION There are certain local variants of aU or most of these types, and it WITH ^Qî(j be an interesting ° task to trace these out in aU their ramifications. To MODIFIED (Jo SO here would lead us too far away from the main lines of our thesis, nor EDGE. would it be easy to draw correct deductions until drawings of aU such swords found throughout Europe were available. Here I must content myself with tracing out the broad Unes of the evolution of the leaf-shaped swords, and leave it to others to work out the local varieties.
Page 2 and 3:
GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
Page 5:
THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
Page 8 and 9:
kbÔ-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
Page 10 and 11:
'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
Page 12 and 13:
for inviting him to deliver the lec
Page 15:
LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
Page 19 and 20:
FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
Page 21 and 22:
THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages
Page 23 and 24:
Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
Page 25 and 26:
THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
Page 41 and 42:
EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
Page 43 and 44: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
Page 45 and 46: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
Page 47 and 48: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
Page 49 and 50: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
Page 51 and 52: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
Page 53 and 54: THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
Page 55 and 56: THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
Page 57 and 58: THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
Page 59 and 60: THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
Page 61 and 62: THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
Page 63 and 64: THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
Page 65 and 66: WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
Page 67 and 68: THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
Page 69 and 70: FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
Page 71 and 72: THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
Page 73 and 74: THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
Page 75 and 76: THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS larg
Page 77 and 78: MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
Page 79 and 80: MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
Page 81 and 82: MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain z
Page 83 and 84: ««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
Page 85 and 86: Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
Page 87 and 88: THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
Page 93: THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
Page 97 and 98: THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
Page 109 and 110: GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
Page 111 and 112: 66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
Page 121 and 122: WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
Page 123 and 124: THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relat
Page 125 and 126: THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
Page 127 and 128: THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
Page 129 and 130: THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
Page 131 and 132: A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
Page 133 and 134: A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
Page 135 and 136: A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crosse
Page 137 and 138: THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
Page 139 and 140: THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
Page 141 and 142: THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
Page 143 and 144: THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
Page 145 and 146:
THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
Page 147 and 148:
THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all fac
Page 149 and 150:
FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
Page 151 and 152:
FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
Page 153 and 154:
P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
Page 155 and 156:
FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
Page 157 and 158:
I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE
Page 159 and 160:
THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
Page 161 and 162:
THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
Page 163 and 164:
THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
Page 165 and 166:
THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
Page 167 and 168:
THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who
Page 169 and 170:
THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
Page 171 and 172:
THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
Page 173 and 174:
CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
Page 175 and 176:
CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern
Page 177 and 178:
Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
Page 179 and 180:
MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
Page 181 and 182:
A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
Page 183 and 184:
R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
Page 185 and 186:
BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
Page 187 and 188:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
Page 189 and 190:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
Page 191 and 192:
Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
Page 193:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
Page 196 and 197:
192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
Page 198 and 199:
194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
Page 200 and 201:
196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
Page 202 and 203:
igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
Page 204 and 205:
200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
Page 206:
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
Page 212:
2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
Page 217:
OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
Page 221:
liîlfCvfci,, «--.~T ^..rr"'"^"^"^
Page 228 and 229:
1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
Page 232:
Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
Page 240:
Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
Page 248:
1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
Page 256 and 257:
Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
Page 258:
v.,"
show all

The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?