The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

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i6 THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD But the problem is further compUcated by the fact that the Celtic languages fall into two groups. In the one occurs the sound qu, which has in later days become a hard c, while in the other this sound has become labialised and converted into a ^ or &. It has been thought by some that the qu peoples, spoken of usually as Goidels or Gaels, arrived first from the common Celtic home, and that the p peoples, called Brythons or FIG. I.—CELTIC LANDS AND THE CELTIC CRADLE. C37mri, came later from the same centre ; this view is, however, strenuously denied by others. We have, therefore, to determine if we can, not only whence and when the Celtic languages arrived in the west, but whether they came in one, two or more waves. Lastly, we find that the Celtic tongues, as spoken to-day, contain elements of grammar and syntax, and not a few words too, which divide them off sharply from those
THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages to which they are in other respects akin. Also it is believed by some that non-Celtic languages, such as Pictish, survived in this region until relatively late times, while it is well-known that a primitive non-Celtic tongue, the Basque, is still spoken in the fastnesses of the Pyrenees. It is important, therefore, if we are to have before us all the factors which enter into the problem, that we should inquire what people were here before the first Celts arrived, and that we should make ourselves to some extent famihar with all the different races and cultures which preceded the Celtic invaders. If we pass across England and Wales from east to west, and the same is almost as true if we cross Scotland, we find, first of all that the population is mainly tall and fair, while as we proceed we come across elements which are darker and shorter, until in Wales and the West Highlands we find the majority of the people are small brunettes of slender build. This dark type is also to be met with in Ireland, especially in the west, the part of that island in which the Erse language has best survived. It is because the Celtic tongues, whether qu or p, are spoken chiefly by people of this small brunette type, that it is frequently called the Celtic race, and yet all the evidence of ancient authorities goes to show that 2,000 or 2,500 years ago the Celts were looked upon as a tall, fair people.' Here is another difficulty which must be taken into consideration as we make our inquiries, for no solution can be considered sound which cannot, without straining the evidence, answer all these questions. As we have seen the main areas which were Celtic-speaking in the time of Caesar were the British Isles and Gaul, west of the Rhine ; these I shall term Celtic lands, leaving out Spain and Cis-alpine Gaul as areas into which the Celtic invasion arrived at a relatively late date. Now, besides these Celtic lands Celtic tongues were spoken in the Alpine zone, and perhaps at one time stiU further east. It is from this area that the Celtic languages have been thought by some to have entered the lands of the west. They cannot have been introduced from Spain or Italy, into which they were late entrants, but it has been suggested by some writers that they arrived from the north-east, from the Baltic region. It is true that there is some slight evidence that Celtic place-names have existed in this area, but the balance of evidence, as I shall hope to show, seems to I Beddoe (1885) 29 ; Holmes (1907) 434, 437, 440 ; Macalister (1921) 2. 41-49.
Page 2 and 3: GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
Page 5: THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
Page 8 and 9: kb^O-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
Page 10 and 11: 'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
Page 12 and 13: for inviting him to deliver the lec
Page 15: LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
Page 19: FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
Page 23 and 24: Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
Page 25 and 26: THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 29 and 30: THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 39 and 40: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
Page 41 and 42: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
Page 43 and 44: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
Page 45 and 46: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
Page 47 and 48: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
Page 49 and 50: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
Page 51 and 52: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
Page 53 and 54: THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
Page 55 and 56: THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
Page 57 and 58: THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
Page 59 and 60: THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
Page 61 and 62: THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
Page 63 and 64: THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
Page 65 and 66: WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
Page 67 and 68: THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
Page 69 and 70: FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
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THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS larg
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MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
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MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
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MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain z
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««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
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Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
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THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
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GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
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66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
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WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
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THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relat
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THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
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THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
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THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
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A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
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A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
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A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crosse
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
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THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all fac
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FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
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FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
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P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
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FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
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I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
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CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
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CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern
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Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
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MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
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A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
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R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
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Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
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192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
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194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
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196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
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igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
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200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
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2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
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OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
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li^ilfCvfci,, «--.~T ^..rr"'"^"^"^
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1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
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Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
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Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
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1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
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Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
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v.,"
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