The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

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130 THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD A little later, about looo B.C., the Koban folk, with their iron swords, began pushing up the Danube, the Drave and the Save. In the valley of the last they found whole mountains of iron, which they began to work, and by 900 B.C., if not earlier, they had reached Styria and the Salzkammergut, and were working the salt mines at Hallstatt. It was, perhaps, earlier than this that they moved up the Danube vaUey as far as Ulm and Sigmaringen, and soon after their arrival there quarrels arose between them and the lords of the mountain zone. It must have been before 900 B.C. that the newcomers destroyed the lake-dwellings and expelled their inhabitants, who fled from them to the north and west. The refugees who went northwards were few in number, though some of them seem to have fled a long way, perhaps even to Finland. Large numbers escaped to France, and spread over most of that land except Brittany and the extreme west. But here they were followed by the men of the iron sword, who pmrsued them in every direction, except down the valley of the Seine. A great number of these refugees reached Britain, landing mostly at the mouth of the Thames, and saiUng up it as far as Reading. An important settlement was made at " Old England," at the mouth of the Brent, and doubtless elsewhere by the Thames. They advanced across the south of England, where, as we have seen, some of their predecessors were hving, and settled at All Cannings and doubtless other places in Wiltshire. They pushed on into South Wales, making settlements on the FIG. 25. open hills above Cardiff. Some of these, too, reached Ireland. TYPE G SWORD FROM Meanwhile the men of the iron sword, pursuing these refugees, followed them in every direction across France, except down the valley of the Seine. They went northwards down the valleys of the Meuse and Moselle, entered Belgium,* and perhaps even entered Denmark. There seems no evidence, however, that they crossed to Britain. ' ' One further raid was made by the men of the iron sword, and this was on an extensive scale. Some time after 900 B.C. a number of them, coming from the Save ' Ddchelette (1908-14) ii. 796.
A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crossed the Predil pass. Some of these stayed for a time at Santa Lucia Tolmino, in the Isonzo valley, while the majority proceeded to Cividale in the Friuh plain. They passed on rapidly to the Po valley, and destroyed the villages of the Terramara-folk who Uved there, expelling the inhabitants as seems to have been the invariable custom of these men of blood and iron.^ The Terramara-folk fled, some to Etruria, others to Taranto and others again to Rome, where they built a dry terramara on the Palatine Hill.^ The iron sword people passed on and settled at the foot of the Apennines, with their centre at Bologna, introducing into all the region north-east of the mountains the culture known to archaeologists as that of Villa-nova.' As we have seen in Chapter IV., the Etruscans had been for some httle time settled in Tuscany, where they had estabhshed their trading cities governed by rehgious magistrates. Before long these Etruscan Prospectors found themselves face to face with this newly-arrived war-hke people. I have already given my reasons for thinking that the ViUa-nova folk conquered the Etruscans, and that together they extended their empire, which is said to have reached to Pompeii. They perhaps succeeded in pressing back the leaf-shaped sword people from the neighbourhood of Lake Trasimene, but did not apparently succeed at first in dislodging them from the valley of the Velino. Thus we see that the leaf-shaped sword folk, mainly the people of the mountain zone, have at one time or another invaded and in some way or another conquered nearly aU Europe except the Iberian peninsula, while at the close of the bronze age they arrived as refugees in Celtic lands. The iron sword folk, the people of the plain, who had learned the use of iron in the Koban, followed them, making a complete conquest of Greece, of Italy north of the Apennines, of France all but the west and the Seine vaUey, Belgium and perhaps other regions further north. These people did not conquer Scandinavia, nor did they reach Britain, at any rate until several more centuries had elapsed. 7 Modestov (1907) 217 ; D6chelette (1908-14) ii. 529-540. 8 Hooton (1913). 9 D^chelette (1908-14) ii. 529-540 ; Modestov (1907) ch. viii.
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GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
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THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
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kb^O-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
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'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
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for inviting him to deliver the lec
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LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
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FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
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THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages
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Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
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THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
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EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
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THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
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THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
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THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
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THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
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THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
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THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
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WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
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FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
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THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
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THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS larg
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MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
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MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
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MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain z
Page 83 and 84: ««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
Page 85 and 86: Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
Page 87 and 88: THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
Page 97 and 98: THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
Page 109 and 110: GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
Page 111 and 112: 66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
Page 121 and 122: WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
Page 123 and 124: THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relat
Page 125 and 126: THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
Page 127 and 128: THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
Page 129 and 130: THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
Page 131 and 132: A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
Page 133: A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
Page 137 and 138: THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
Page 139 and 140: THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
Page 141 and 142: THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
Page 143 and 144: THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
Page 145 and 146: THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
Page 147 and 148: THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all fac
Page 149 and 150: FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
Page 151 and 152: FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
Page 153 and 154: P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
Page 155 and 156: FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
Page 157 and 158: I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE
Page 159 and 160: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
Page 161 and 162: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
Page 163 and 164: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
Page 165 and 166: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
Page 167 and 168: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who
Page 169 and 170: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
Page 171 and 172: THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
Page 173 and 174: CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
Page 175 and 176: CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern
Page 177 and 178: Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
Page 179 and 180: MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
Page 181 and 182: A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
Page 183 and 184: R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
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Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
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192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
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194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
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196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
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igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
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200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
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2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
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OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
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1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
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Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
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Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
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1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
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Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
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v.,"
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