The bronze age and the Celtic world - Universal History Library

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76 THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD aristocracy. These separate, though perhaps federated, states ultimately coalesced into the great empire of the Khatti or Hittites, who attacked and sacked Babylon in 1746 B.C.3' Whether or no any of these steppe-folk entered Hungary at this time is not quite clear, for it would seem that some of the long skulls found at Laibach may be of an earlier date. To these we will return later. It seems probable that the grassy steppes of the Hungarian plain would tempt these wandering horsemen, and we can scarcely beheve that they would have avoided such rich pastures, unless, indeed, they were already occupied by their distant relatives, who were powerful enough to keep them out. The balance of evidence seems, however, to suggest that, whether or no any Nordic steppe-folk had arrived here earlier, some of these invaders from the steppes must have entered the fertile plain of the middle Danube. It has been pointed out by Minns,^* that " in the far west of Russia, between the Carpathians and Kiev, we find in the neolithic period distinct traces of connection with the coasts of the Baltic," also that there are found " northern types of axes and amber." Zaborowski," also has drawn attention to the resemblance between some of the contents of the kurgans and the culture by the shores of the Baltic. It was for this reason that in igi6 I suggested^* that at a date prior to that we have been discussing, perhaps about 3000 B.C., some of these steppe-folk had passed to the shores of the Baltic, and were the long-headed men who are found occupying the lowlands of Belgium" about that time. I have elaborated the argument since,^^ but it has not met with the approval of some of the Swedish archaeologists.^' With the evidence at present available it is not easy to make a conclusive case one way or the other, but, as we have seen, the neolithic culture of this area resembles in some points that of the Baltic, Nordic types appear in the Baltic region, in Belgium, in the Rhine basin and pass thence to the Swiss lake-dwellings, while other long-headed types, which may however have appeared later, are found in the west of Hungary and the eastern slopes 3" Hall (1913) 199. 35 Taylor (i88g) ii8, 119. 3» Minns (1913) 132. 3' Peake (1919) 201, 202. 33 Zaborowski (1895) 125. 37 Nordman (1922). 34 Peake (1916) 1. 163.
MANY INVASIONS ^^ of the mountain zone. All these points lead one to suspect that at an earlier date some of these Nordic steppe-folk, driven doubtless by a former period of drought, had migrated north-westwards to the colder regions around the Baltic Sea, where the type, already tall, relatively fair and long-headed, developed later these characters to a more pronounced degree. We have seen that the Tripolje people had departed from the Ukraine and Galicia, driven away by drought or by the invading steppe-folk. Traces of pottery, bearing some resemblances of that of the Tripolje culture, have been found in various places to the south, just those places where we find that our steppe-folk had settled. This suggests that the steppe-folk had conquered these people, and taken captive some of their women,^' who in all primitive tribes are the potters. If Keith is right that our Beaker-folk came from Galicia, we must suppose that on leaving the Ukraine they passed westward and entered Bohemia, for it is from this country, as Lord Abercromby has shown,^' the northern beaker seems to have been derived. But Leeds has lately suggested,"" and this suggestion was also made some years ago by Sir Arthur Evans,*' that the beaker developed originally in Spain. Leeds has published a map, showing that beakers of the earliest tj^je are found most abundantly in Andalusia, and he traces their cARiNATED VASE FROM SPAIN, dlstributiou theucc throughout west Europe. One of his lines of migration carried them to north Italy, where it points to the Brenner Pass. Now the Spanish and western beakers differ in many important respects from the northern type, though it is characteristic of both to be decorated with parallel and horizontal bands of ornament. Leeds thinks that the beaker developed in Spain from a type of pot, which he terms carinated, and which is found associated with megalithic 38 Peake (1916) 1. 166. 39 Abercromby (1912) 40 Leeds (1922) i, 15. ; see also Abercromby (1912) i. lo- 4' In the discussion following Crawford (1912) 1. 198 ; see also Abercromby (1912) i. 11.
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GAI QJnrttBU Hmueraitg SItbrarg att
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THE BRONZE AGE AND THE CELTIC WORLD
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kb^O-X. PRINTED AND MADE IN GREAT B
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'Mi XI Cornell University Library T
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for inviting him to deliver the lec
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LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS PAGE 1 MAP
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FOR Chapter I THE PROBLEM the last
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THE PROBLEM 17 groups of languages
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Chapter II THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF
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THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
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THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 29 and 30: THE FlRSt INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 31 and 32: THE FIRST INHABITANTS OF CELTIC LAN
Page 39 and 40: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 35 is
Page 41 and 42: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS z^ no
Page 43 and 44: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 39 be
Page 45 and 46: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 41 th
Page 47 and 48: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 43 Qu
Page 49 and 50: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 45 It
Page 51 and 52: EARLY TRADE WITH CELTIC LANDS 47 th
Page 53 and 54: THE PROSPECTORS 49 introduced into
Page 55 and 56: THE PROSPECTORS S^ have been used i
Page 57 and 58: THE PROSPECTORS 53 I do not think,
Page 59 and 60: THE PROSPECTORS 55 antechambers in
Page 61 and 62: THE PROSPECTORS 57 portrait statuet
Page 63 and 64: THE PROSPECTORS 59 found on the Etr
Page 65 and 66: WE have Chapter V THE CELTIC CRADLE
Page 67 and 68: THE CELTIC CRADLE 63 Thus we find t
Page 69 and 70: FIG. 2. POTSHERD FROM KOSZYLOWSCE,
Page 71 and 72: THE CELTIC CRADLE 67 suggests that
Page 73 and 74: THE CELTIC CRADLE 69 of these were
Page 75 and 76: THAT Chapter VI MANY INVASIONS larg
Page 77 and 78: MANY INVASIONS ^ 73 it has been sug
Page 79: MANY INVASIONS 75 for suspecting th
Page 83 and 84: ««»*' MANY INVASIONS 79 and had
Page 85 and 86: Chapter VII THE EVOLUTION OF THE LE
Page 87 and 88: THE EVOLUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED SW
Page 97 and 98: THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAF-SHAPED
Page 109 and 110: GREEK LANDS AND THE BASIS OF CHRONO
Page 111 and 112: 66-L6Z (zz6i) ajfi 6 'msBq aqnuBQ a
Page 121 and 122: WE have Chapter X THE IRON SWORD se
Page 123 and 124: THE IRON SWORD 119 that trade relat
Page 125 and 126: THE IRON SWORD 121 some came into c
Page 127 and 128: THE IRON SWORD 123 FIG. 23.—MAP S
Page 129 and 130: THE IRON SWORD 125 We have seen tha
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A RECAPITULATION 127 Other steppe-f
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A RECAPITULATION 129 The other move
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A RECAPITULATION 131 valley, crosse
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 133 philologists,
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THE ARYAN CRADLE I35 The original s
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 137 The use made o
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 139 Further invest
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 141 The state of c
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THE ARYAN CRADLE 143 Taking all fac
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FS AND Q'S 145 that the C in the Go
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FS AND Q'S 147 of France and the Br
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P'S AND Q'S 149 the Falisci, who dw
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FS AND Q'S 151 it was a corruption
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I Chapter XIV THE WANDERINGS OF THE
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i55 a c
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS I57 Suc
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 159 to
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS i6i Dod
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 163 who
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 165 evi
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THE WANDERINGS OF THE WIROS 167 muc
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CONCLUSION 169 such positive eviden
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CHRONOLOGY 171 be relatively modern
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Appendix II MATRILINEAR SUCCESSION
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MATRILINEAR 175 married her cousin
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A. .. A.A. . A.A.A. A.A. & E. A.d.P
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R.L.P.C. R.R.C.S.A. S.H.P.F. S.H.S.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY i8i Conway, R. S. : Th
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 183 Hoops, J. : Realle
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Modestov, B. : Int
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Pumpelly, R. : Explorations in Turk
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 189 Wace, A. J. B. : E
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192 Asturias, 55. Athena, 175. Athe
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194 Dintorni del Fucino, 95. Dionys
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196 INDEX lona, 49. Ionic dialect,
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igS INDEX Neleus, 109. Neo-Celtic t
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200 INDEX Shrewsbury, 45. Shropshir
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PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY
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2 Cyprus. PLATE I. AXES FROM THE ME
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OS Scale. 1 2 3 4- S 6 in. 1 I I'l
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li^ilfCvfci,, «--.~T ^..rr"'"^"^"^
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1 Hungary, site unknown. (1886) XX.
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Site unknown. vii. 42. Site unknown
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Podhering, Bereg Co. Hampel (1886)
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1 Greece : Mycenae. Schliemann (187
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Brentford, Middlesex. From the bed
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v.,"
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