Enamels and enamelling; an introduction to the preparation and ...

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152 ENAMELS AND ENAMELLING. Much greater care on the part of the workmen is required in firing cover enamel than in grounding, since the enamel must be perfectly free from bubbles, any pieces faulty in this respect having to be set aside and touched up again. The firing temperature of the muffle furnaces is lower when cover enamels are being treated, these masses being of a more fusible character than ground enamels. An accurate indication of the proper degree of heat can be gained by placing a small crucible, containing a little brass, in the muffle, which will be hot enough for our present purpose when the brass fuses. Owing to the fluidity of the cover mass and its consequent liability to run down the sides of the utensils and make the coating unequal, the articles in the muffle must be frequently turned and laid on their sides in order to facilitate uniformity of fusion. As soon as the mass appears to have fused completely, the ware is taken out of the furnace, but is prevented from cooling down too quickly or the enamel will craze through lack of time for uniform contraction. To prevent this, the finished ware is transferred to a muffle furnace, kept at a gentle red heat, where the pieces are piled up, and the muffle is then closed and left to cool down gradually. It is advisable to employ for this purpose a large muffle so that as many pieces as possible can be treated at a time. Under these circumstances the muffle need not be more than moderately hot, the radiant heat from the large charge of ware sufficing to raise it to the right temperature. When cooled the ware is either blacked, nickel-plated, or as is now most general enamelled on the outside. This latter operation is performed in the same manner as before, except that commoner ground and cover masses, requiring less heat in firing, are employed. As coloured enamels (dark blue, coloured by cobalt, or red brown, by ferric oxide) are mostly used for this work, the ground mass is generally of low
APPLYING AND PIKING THE COVER ENAMEL OR GLAZE. 153 quality, made from impure materials and showing a yellowish or reddish tinge of colour. If not enamelled on the outside, the ware is usually blacked over to prevent the appearance being spoiled by rust ; and, with this object, is painted over with coal tar, applied while the articles are still hot.
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LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFO
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PREFACE. As in all other branches o
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TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE ...
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IX. SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS (continued
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ENAMELS AND ENAMELLING. I. INTRODUC
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temporary alchemist B. Palissy, INT
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INTRODUCTION. 5 The raw materials f
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THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF G
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THE COMPOSITION AND PKOPEETIES OF G
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BAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
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RAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
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EAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
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EAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
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KAW MATEKIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
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KAW MATEKIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
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KAW MATEEIALS FOR THE MANUFACTUCE O
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IV. SUBSTANCES ADDED TO PRODUCE OPA
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SUBSTANCES ADDED TO PRODUCE OPACITY
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V. FLUXES. The attainment of a suit
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FLUXES. 41 resembles that of silica
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FLUXES. 48 metallic oxides, it is a
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' FLUXES. 45 FELSPAR. This mineral
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colour ; VI. PIGMENTS. Enamel masse
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For violet : manganese oxide. For b
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PIGMENTS. 51 condense on the cooler
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PIGMENTS. 53 acid, which unites wit
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PIGMENTS. 55 Ferric Oxide. In concl
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PIGMENTS. 57 RED PIGMENTS. Gold Oxi
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PIGMENTS. 59 sediment of silver chl
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PIGMENTS. 61 a precipitate continue
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PIGMENTS. 63 -cipitated from combin
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PIGMENTS. 65 so long as the flame o
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PIGMENTS. 67 Cobaltous Zinc Phospha
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PIGMENTS. 69 Cobaltous oxide is mor
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I UNIVERSITY PIGMENTS.^ 71 the enam
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VII. DECOLORISING AGENTS. The subst
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DECOLORISING AGENTS. 75 FUSION TEST
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DECOLOEISING AGENTS. 77 Saltpetre o
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TESTING THE KAW MATERIALS AND ENAME
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TESTING THE RAW MATERIALS AND ENAME
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IX. SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS. As is the
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merely SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS. 89 a f
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SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS. 91 light-colo
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SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS. 93 putrid odo
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PREPAEING THE MATERIALS FOR ENAMEL-
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PREPARING THE MATERIALS FOR ENAMEL-
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MIXING THE MATERIALS 99 The barrel
Page 113 and 114: THE ENAMEL MASS. 101 suffered from
Page 115 and 116: XIII. APPLIANCES FOE SMELTING THE E
Page 117 and 118: APPLIANCES FOR SMELTING THE ENAMEL
Page 119 and 120: APPLIANCES FOE SMELTING THE ENAMEL
Page 121 and 122: APPLIANCES FOB SMELTING THE ENAMEL
Page 123 and 124: APPLIANCES FOR SMELTING THE ENAMEL
Page 125 and 126: plug is made rather too large, SMEL
Page 127 and 128: SMELTING THE CHARGE. 115 briskly fo
Page 129 and 130: SMELTING THE CHARGE. 117 handling o
Page 131 and 132: COMPOSITION OF ENAMEL MASSES. 119 i
Page 133 and 134: COMPOSITION OF ENAMEL MASSES. 121 m
Page 135 and 136: COMPOSITION OF MASSES FOR GROUND EN
Page 137 and 138: COMPOSITION OF MASSES FOR GROUND EN
Page 139 and 140: xvn. COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS.
Page 141 and 142: COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS. 129 e
Page 143 and 144: COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS. 131 P
Page 145 and 146: COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS. 133 O
Page 147 and 148: COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS. 135 m
Page 149 and 150: PREPARING THE ARTICLES FOR ENAMELLI
Page 155 and 156: APPLYING THE ENAMEL. 143 inconvenie
Page 157 and 158: XX. FIEING THE GKOUND ENAMEL. Firin
Page 159 and 160: FIRING THE GROUND ENAMEL. 147 shoul
Page 161 and 162: FIRING THE GROUND ENAMEL, 149 it, c
Page 163: XXI. APPLYING AND FIRING THE COVER
Page 167 and 168: REPAIRING DEFECTS IN ENAiMELLED WAR
Page 169 and 170: XXIII. ENAMELLING ARTICLES OF SHEET
Page 171 and 172: ENAMELLING ARTICLES OF SHEET METAL.
Page 173 and 174: ENAMELLING ARTICLES OF SHEET METAL.
Page 175 and 176: ENAMELLING AKTICLES OF SHEET METAL.
Page 177 and 178: XXIV. DECOKATING ENAMELLED WAKE. Th
Page 179 and 180: XXV. SPECIALTIES IN ENAMELLING. Sun
Page 181 and 182: SPECIALTIES IN ENAMELLING. 169 cal
Page 183 and 184: SPECIALTIES IN ENAMELLING. 171 BOTT
Page 185 and 186: DIAL-PLATE ENAMELLING. 173 covering
Page 187 and 188: ENAMELS FOR ARTISTIC PUEPOSES. 175
Page 189 and 190: ENAMELS FOK ARTISTIC PURPOSES. 177
Page 191 and 192: ENAMELS FOR ARTISTIC PURPOSES. 179
Page 193 and 194: ENAMELS FOE ARTISTIC PURPOSES. 181
Page 195 and 196: A. Acid pickle for enamel ware, 92.
Page 197 and 198: Enamel mass, testing, 80. Enamelled
Page 199 and 200: Potassium antimonite pigment, 52. c
Page 201 and 202: Catalogue OF Special G)ee6nieal FOR
Page 203 and 204: without Chambers Indian Ink Enamel
Page 205 and 206: ^Contents. Resins Solvents : Natura
Page 207 and 208: Contents. Introduction Occurrence,
Page 209 and 210: Chemicals, Waste Products and Agric
Page 211 and 212: 11 Writing Inks and Sealing Waxes.
Page 213 and 214: 13 X Rays. PRACTICAL X RAY WORK. By
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i5 Stains, Coloured Dips Glazes. Ch
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17 A Reissue of THE HISTORY OP THE
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19 Contents. Composition and Proper
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21 FAULTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WOO
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DYERS' MATERIALS : 23 An Introducti
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25 Collieries and Mines, RECOVERY W
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27 upon which Press Currents of Ste
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TIMBER : 29 Timber and Wood Waste.
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31 Lithography and Engraving. PRACT
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UNIVFT? RETURN TO the circulation d
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