Enamels and enamelling; an introduction to the preparation and ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

12 ENAMELS AND ENAMELLING. When glass is maintained for a considerable length of time at a temperature very near to fusing point, the phenomenon known as devitrification occurs, the mass becoming dull and O opaque, whilst at the same time its hardness greatly increases, so that in some instances the glass will strike fire with steel. The cause of devitrification is to be sought in the circum- stance that, during the protracted transition from the fluid to the solid state, a portion of the silicates in the glass crystallises, and thereby imparts a semblance of porcelain to the whole. A closer examination of the glass reveals the presence of colourless crystals in the colourless matrix, the opacity of the whole being the result of a difference of refractive power between the two, the degree of which influences the appear- ance of the glass so that the latter may even seem quite white. Another very peculiar phenomenon, hitherto unexplained, is the action of light on glass. It is known from a number of casual observations and more thorough experiments that glass, on exposure to light, either changes in shade if previously coloured, or, if colourless, acquires a tinge of colour. Thus, for example, glass that has been decolorised by manganese compounds turns a beautiful violet shade after prolonged exposure to light. As this is a matter of some importance for enamels as well, particularly those in delicate colours, the results of the observations made on the colour changes under- gone by different kinds of glass, are now given : Before After Exposure to Light. French sheet glass. . Bluish white . . . Yellowish. German crystal glass . Faint green . . . Bluish tinge. English sheet glass . ,, ,, . Yellowish green. crown glass . . Faint purple. Belgian window glass . Brownish yellow . . Dark purple. English ,, ,, . Dark green . . . Brownish green. American crystal glass . White, faint bluish tinge White purple. ,, ,, Faint yellowish greer^. Ordinary American glass Bluish green . . Unchanged.
THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF GLASS. 13 Taken altogether, the foregoing general remarks on the properties of glass apply equally to enamels ; and special attention should again be directed to the necessity of selecting the materials for technical enamels, so that the mass exhibits a minimum of susceptibility to the action of chemicals, and at the same time possesses a coefficient of expansion sufficient to preclude the risk of cracking when in use.
Page 2: LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFO
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE. As in all other branches o
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE ...
Page 11 and 12: IX. SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS (continued
Page 13 and 14: ENAMELS AND ENAMELLING. I. INTRODUC
Page 15 and 16: temporary alchemist B. Palissy, INT
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION. 5 The raw materials f
Page 19 and 20: THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF G
Page 21 and 22: THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF G
Page 23: THE COMPOSITION AND PKOPEETIES OF G
Page 27 and 28: BAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
Page 29 and 30: RAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
Page 31 and 32: EAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
Page 33 and 34: EAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
Page 39 and 40: KAW MATEKIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
Page 43 and 44: KAW MATEKIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE O
Page 45 and 46: KAW MATEEIALS FOR THE MANUFACTUCE O
Page 47 and 48: IV. SUBSTANCES ADDED TO PRODUCE OPA
Page 49 and 50: SUBSTANCES ADDED TO PRODUCE OPACITY
Page 51 and 52: V. FLUXES. The attainment of a suit
Page 53 and 54: FLUXES. 41 resembles that of silica
Page 55 and 56: FLUXES. 48 metallic oxides, it is a
Page 57 and 58: ' FLUXES. 45 FELSPAR. This mineral
Page 59 and 60: colour ; VI. PIGMENTS. Enamel masse
Page 61 and 62: For violet : manganese oxide. For b
Page 63 and 64: PIGMENTS. 51 condense on the cooler
Page 65 and 66: PIGMENTS. 53 acid, which unites wit
Page 67 and 68: PIGMENTS. 55 Ferric Oxide. In concl
Page 69 and 70: PIGMENTS. 57 RED PIGMENTS. Gold Oxi
Page 71 and 72: PIGMENTS. 59 sediment of silver chl
Page 73 and 74: PIGMENTS. 61 a precipitate continue
Page 75 and 76:
PIGMENTS. 63 -cipitated from combin
Page 77 and 78:
PIGMENTS. 65 so long as the flame o
Page 79 and 80:
PIGMENTS. 67 Cobaltous Zinc Phospha
Page 81 and 82:
PIGMENTS. 69 Cobaltous oxide is mor
Page 83 and 84:
I UNIVERSITY PIGMENTS.^ 71 the enam
Page 85 and 86:
VII. DECOLORISING AGENTS. The subst
Page 87 and 88:
DECOLORISING AGENTS. 75 FUSION TEST
Page 89 and 90:
DECOLOEISING AGENTS. 77 Saltpetre o
Page 91 and 92:
TESTING THE KAW MATERIALS AND ENAME
Page 93 and 94:
TESTING THE RAW MATERIALS AND ENAME
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
IX. SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS. As is the
Page 101 and 102:
merely SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS. 89 a f
Page 103 and 104:
SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS. 91 light-colo
Page 105 and 106:
SUBSIDIARY MATERIALS. 93 putrid odo
Page 107 and 108:
PREPAEING THE MATERIALS FOR ENAMEL-
Page 109 and 110:
PREPARING THE MATERIALS FOR ENAMEL-
Page 111 and 112:
MIXING THE MATERIALS 99 The barrel
Page 113 and 114:
THE ENAMEL MASS. 101 suffered from
Page 115 and 116:
XIII. APPLIANCES FOE SMELTING THE E
Page 117 and 118:
APPLIANCES FOR SMELTING THE ENAMEL
Page 119 and 120:
APPLIANCES FOE SMELTING THE ENAMEL
Page 121 and 122:
APPLIANCES FOB SMELTING THE ENAMEL
Page 123 and 124:
APPLIANCES FOR SMELTING THE ENAMEL
Page 125 and 126:
plug is made rather too large, SMEL
Page 127 and 128:
SMELTING THE CHARGE. 115 briskly fo
Page 129 and 130:
SMELTING THE CHARGE. 117 handling o
Page 131 and 132:
COMPOSITION OF ENAMEL MASSES. 119 i
Page 133 and 134:
COMPOSITION OF ENAMEL MASSES. 121 m
Page 135 and 136:
COMPOSITION OF MASSES FOR GROUND EN
Page 137 and 138:
COMPOSITION OF MASSES FOR GROUND EN
Page 139 and 140:
xvn. COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS.
Page 141 and 142:
COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS. 129 e
Page 143 and 144:
COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS. 131 P
Page 145 and 146:
COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS. 133 O
Page 147 and 148:
COMPOSITION OF COVER ENAMELS. 135 m
Page 149 and 150:
PREPARING THE ARTICLES FOR ENAMELLI
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
APPLYING THE ENAMEL. 143 inconvenie
Page 157 and 158:
XX. FIEING THE GKOUND ENAMEL. Firin
Page 159 and 160:
FIRING THE GROUND ENAMEL. 147 shoul
Page 161 and 162:
FIRING THE GROUND ENAMEL, 149 it, c
Page 163 and 164:
XXI. APPLYING AND FIRING THE COVER
Page 165 and 166:
APPLYING AND PIKING THE COVER ENAME
Page 167 and 168:
REPAIRING DEFECTS IN ENAiMELLED WAR
Page 169 and 170:
XXIII. ENAMELLING ARTICLES OF SHEET
Page 171 and 172:
ENAMELLING ARTICLES OF SHEET METAL.
Page 173 and 174:
ENAMELLING ARTICLES OF SHEET METAL.
Page 175 and 176:
ENAMELLING AKTICLES OF SHEET METAL.
Page 177 and 178:
XXIV. DECOKATING ENAMELLED WAKE. Th
Page 179 and 180:
XXV. SPECIALTIES IN ENAMELLING. Sun
Page 181 and 182:
SPECIALTIES IN ENAMELLING. 169 cal
Page 183 and 184:
SPECIALTIES IN ENAMELLING. 171 BOTT
Page 185 and 186:
DIAL-PLATE ENAMELLING. 173 covering
Page 187 and 188:
ENAMELS FOR ARTISTIC PUEPOSES. 175
Page 189 and 190:
ENAMELS FOK ARTISTIC PURPOSES. 177
Page 191 and 192:
ENAMELS FOR ARTISTIC PURPOSES. 179
Page 193 and 194:
ENAMELS FOE ARTISTIC PURPOSES. 181
Page 195 and 196:
A. Acid pickle for enamel ware, 92.
Page 197 and 198:
Enamel mass, testing, 80. Enamelled
Page 199 and 200:
Potassium antimonite pigment, 52. c
Page 201 and 202:
Catalogue OF Special G)ee6nieal FOR
Page 203 and 204:
without Chambers Indian Ink Enamel
Page 205 and 206:
^Contents. Resins Solvents : Natura
Page 207 and 208:
Contents. Introduction Occurrence,
Page 209 and 210:
Chemicals, Waste Products and Agric
Page 211 and 212:
11 Writing Inks and Sealing Waxes.
Page 213 and 214:
13 X Rays. PRACTICAL X RAY WORK. By
Page 215 and 216:
i5 Stains, Coloured Dips Glazes. Ch
Page 217 and 218:
17 A Reissue of THE HISTORY OP THE
Page 219 and 220:
19 Contents. Composition and Proper
Page 221 and 222:
21 FAULTS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF WOO
Page 223 and 224:
DYERS' MATERIALS : 23 An Introducti
Page 225 and 226:
25 Collieries and Mines, RECOVERY W
Page 227 and 228:
27 upon which Press Currents of Ste
Page 229 and 230:
TIMBER : 29 Timber and Wood Waste.
Page 231 and 232:
31 Lithography and Engraving. PRACT
Page 234:
UNIVFT? RETURN TO the circulation d
show all

Enamels and enamelling; an introduction to the preparation and ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?