ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC ...

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VI. SUMMARY Investigations were carried out on isolation and characterisation of native entomopathogenic fungi and their effectiveness from 1999 to 2002 at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The results obtained are summarized herein. 1. Nine insect mycopathogens, belonging to seven genera were found naturally occurring in the nine districts of northern Karnataka. Of these, Nomuraea rileyi was most predominantly found followed by Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillum lecanii. 2. Studies on morphological variation among the field collected isolates of M. anisopliae and V. lecanii for various parameters like, hyphal and conidial characters, sporulation and spore yield revealed that Ma2 and Ma1 proved superior to Ma3 and Ma4. In case of V. lecanii, V13 showed higher spore yield than Vl1 and Vl2. However, it took maximum time (10-14 days) to cover the entire diet. 3. Pathogenicity of V. lecanii to aphids, whitefly and mites and M. anisopliae on American bollworms and Rhinocerous beetle was proved in laboratory. 4. Among the different isolates of V. lecanii and M. anisopliae evaluated against B. brassicae and H. armigera, Vl1 and Ma2 recorded maximum mortality of 94.50 per cent and 87.50 per cent respectively. 5. Analysis of the effect of different carbon sources on the biomass of Vl1 and Ma2 revealed that starch was the superior sugar source for both the mycopathogens and (NH4)SO4 and KNO3 as nitrogen source for Vl1 and Ma2 respectively. 6. Evaluation of food grains for suitability for mass production of Ma2 and Vl1 revealed that conidial growth increased with increase in duration after inoculation. Bajra and rice grains served as most productive media for conidial growth of Ma2 and Vl1 with an yield of 22.77 x 10 8 and 24.59 x 10 8 conidia per gram of media, respectively. 7. Among the low cost agro-wastes tested for their suitability for the mass production of mycopathogens, rice bran with 10 per cent molasses supported better growth and conidial production of Ma2 and Vl2. 8. All the fungicides tested for their interaction with Ma2 inhibited the conidial germination (19.90 to 100%). However, iprodione and chlorothalonil were safer with 38.69 per cent 69.21 per cent conidial germination. 9. In case of Vl1, complete inhibition (24.10 to 100%) of conidia was observed. However iprodione and triadimeton allowed maximum of 37.38 and 41.62 per cent conidia to germinate respectively. 10. Among insecticides, dichlorvos (55.89%) and malathion (69.18%) were significantly detrimental to Ma2 and Vl1 respectively. Conversely, malathion (34.33%) and endosulfon (37.31%) were safer for Ma2 and Vl1 respectively. 11. All weedicides tested for their interactions with Ma2 (9.01 to 41.95%) and Vl1 (8.65 to 36.12%) in general, inhibited the germination of the fungal conidia. In general, fungicides were most detrimental to the mycopathogen than insecticides and weedicides. 12. The persistence of mycopathogens (Ma2 and Vl1) was higher in soil (upto 16 months) than in phylloplane (upto 3 months). 13. In general, all the carrier material had more conidial viability when stored in refrigerated and deep freezer condition and a reduction of more than 10 per cent and 8 per cent in refrigerated and deep freezer was observed after 150 DAS respectively.
14. Oil formulations proved better than wettable powder. Among oil formulations, sunflower oil proved to be best with maximum of 38 and 54.13 per cent germination at room temperature after 150 days of storage. 15. Among the different concentrations of V. lecanii evaluated in laboratory against B. brassicae and Aleurodicus disperses, higher dosage of V. lecanii (1.2 x 10 9 conidia/ha) was found effective with highest mortality of 92.30 per cent and 80.93 per cent on the 10 th day after spraying respectively. 16. A comparative account of efficacy of different isolates of V. lecanii under field conditions were evaluated against B. brassicae and A. crassivora. At the highest dosage of all isolates (2 x 10 12 conidia/ha), Vl1 proved most potent against B. brassicae (61.16% mortality), whereas Vl3 showed better control against A. crassivora (66.50%). 17. The UV radiation mutants of mycopathogen (Ma2 and Vl1) exhibited 91.67 and 91.67 per cent higher mortality on H. armigera and B. brassicae than the respective wild type (73.96 and 82.62%).
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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF E
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Chapter No. I INTRODUCTION C O N T
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Contd….. Table No. Title 14. Spor
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Contd….. Table No. Title 39. Per
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Plate No. LIST OF PLATES Title 1. M
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I.INTRODUCTION The increased use of
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II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The variou
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The entomopathogenic fungi so far i
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Table 1. Contd….. Sl. No. Insect
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Milner et al. (2002) studied the ef
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25°C for sporulation and biomass p
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Pathogencity of various strains/iso
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Gopalkrishnan and Mohan (2000) test
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necessary serial dilutions under ph
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Sl. No. Table 2. Details of differe
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3.9 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT FORMULA
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Fig. 1. Mycopathogens of insect pes
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Table 5. Contd….. Month/s visited
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Table 5. Contd….. Month/s visited
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Table 5. Contd….. Mycosis noticed
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Totally eight isolates of N. rileyi
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Metarhizium anisopliae Vertucillium
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Ma 1 (Dharwad) Ma2 (Dharwad) Ma 3 (
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Table 8. Mortality caused by the is
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Helicoverpa armigera Dimond Black M
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Plate 5. The moratality of Hlelicov
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Table 11. Total biomass production
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Table 12. Total biomass production
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Table 14. Sporulation of Metarhiziu
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Mean spore yield x 10 8 /g 25 20 15
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Among the non-grain substrates, the
Page 63 and 64: Mean spore yield x 10 4 /g 35 30 25
Page 65 and 66: Sl. No. Table 19. Effect of fungici
Page 67 and 68: Per cent inhibition 100 90 80 70 60
Page 69 and 70: Sl. No. Table 21. Effect of insecti
Page 71 and 72: Out of nine insecticides, endosulfa
Page 73 and 74: Sl. No. Table 23. Effect of weedici
Page 75 and 76: Days after storage Table 25. Persis
Page 77 and 78: Table 26. Survival of Metarhizium a
Page 79 and 80: Table 28. Survival of Metarhizium a
Page 81 and 82: Sl. No. Table 29. Survival of Metar
Page 83 and 84: Sl. No. Table 30. Survival of Metar
Page 85 and 86: Per cent germination 90 80 70 60 50
Page 87 and 88: Sl. No. Table 33. Survival of Verti
Page 93 and 94: 4.9 PATHOGENICITY OF Verticillium l
Page 95 and 96: Sl. No. Table 39. Per cent mortalit
Page 97 and 98: Culture grown on rice grains Harves
Page 99 and 100: Tr. No. Table 41. Per cent reductio
Page 101 and 102: Tr. No. Table 43. Per cent reductio
Page 103 and 104: The fungal spray at higher dosage (
Page 105 and 106: Table 46. Effect of wild types and
Page 107 and 108: The hyphal and conidial characters
Page 109 and 110: In an earlier experiment, bagasse w
Page 111 and 112: M. anisopliae exhibited rapid reduc
Page 113: higher mortality of aphids. The com
Page 117 and 118: CHARNLEY, A.K. AND ST. LEGER, R.J.,
Page 119 and 120: IGNOFFO, C.M., MARSTON, N.L., HOSTE
Page 121 and 122: MULLER, E.J., 2000, Control of the
Page 123 and 124: ST LEGER, R.J., BUTT, T.M., STAPLES
Page 125 and 126: APPENDIX I Mean monthly weather dat
Page 127 and 128: Maharashtra Association for the Cul
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