ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC ...

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Table 16. Sporulation of Metarhizium anisopliae Ma2 spores on different agro wastes Treatment No. of spores x 10 4 Days after inoculation 10 15 20 25 Mean Crushed maize cobs + 1% YE 3.57 3.87 3.87 6.00 4.33 Wheat bran +1% YE 9.25 10.25 10.25 10.90 10.16 Rice bran +1% YE 13.40 15.15 15.15 7.50 12.80 Baggase +1% YE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Press mud + 1% YE 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Crushed maize cobs + 10% molasses 8.25 9.4 9.4 10.80 9.46 Wheat bran +10% molasses 15.30 18.30 18.30 24.25 19.03 Rice bran +10% molasses 34.37 38.25 38.25 22.10 33.24 Baggase bran +10% molasses 7.70 9.20 9.20 4.50 7.65 Press mud + 10% molasses 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 0.425 Mean 9.185 10.442 10.442 9.140 9.803 YE – Yeast extract S.Em± CD (0.01) A (Agro waste) 1.662 0.353 B (Conc.) 1.051 NS A x B 3.323 NS
Among the non-grain substrates, the fungus took 5 to 8 days to initiate mycelial growth and 8 to 10 days to produce spores. In general, mycelial growth and conidiation ncreased with increase in DAI only upto 15 DAI with no further conidiation. 4.6 COMPATIBILITY <strong>OF</strong> Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma2) <strong>AND</strong> Verticillium lecanii (Vl1) WITH AGROCHEMICALS The effect of different fungicides, insecticides and weedicides were tested for their compatibility with M. anisopliae. The effectiveness was measured in terms of conidial germination of the fungus in vitro using the food poison technique. Inhibition of the conidial germination over untreated control was worked out for the respective concentration and analysed for statistical significance. The results are presented in Tables 18 to 23, Fig. 4 and 5. In general, the results indicated on an average that fungicides were highly inhibitory and toxic (mean per cent inhibition of 73.65% and 86.45% on M. anisopliae and V. lecanii respectively) followed by insecticides (44.22% and 53.24%) and weedicides (23.42% and 22.02%). 4.6.1 Fungicides All the fungicides, tested for their interaction with M. anisopliae inhibited the conidial germination (19.90 to 100%) considerably (Table 18) at all the four concentrations tested. At the recommended concentration, the fungicides inhibited the germination of conidia to the extent of 61.31 to 100 per cent. Propiconazole and mancozeb were highly toxic inhibiting cent per cent of conidia from germination followed by wettable sulphur (88.35%), carbendazim (85.60%), chlorothalonil (69.21%) and triadimefon (74.37%). Iprodione was least inhibitory as it allowed maximum of 38.69 per cent conidia to germinate. The next safe fungicide was chlorothalonil, which inhibited 69.21 per cent conidial germination. The per cent inhibition of conidia increased as the dosage increased from 54.46 per cent to 88.94 per cent. In case of V. lecanii (Table 19), fungicides completely inhibited the conidial germination considerably at all the four concentrations tested (24.10 to 100%). At the recommended concentration, the fungicides completely inhibited the germination of condiia to the extent of 100 per cent in case of carbendazim, chlorothalonil, propiconazole, mancozeb and wettable sulphur except iprodione and triadimefom as they allowed maximum of 37.38 and 41.62 per cent conidia to germinate respectively. 4.6.2 Insecticides All the insecticides tested for their interaction with M. anisopliae in general, inhibited germination of the fungal conidia to the extent of 18.96, 34.10, 49.74 and 74.41 per cent at low, medium recommended and high dosages respectively. All the insecticides tested for their effect on M. anisopliae, irrespective of concentration tested had 34.33 to 55.89 per cent inhibition of conidial germination (Table 20). Among them, Dichlorvos was significantly detrimental (55.89% inhibition) than all other insecticides except monocrotophos in which the inhibition of conidia recorded 54.22 per cent. Conversely, malathion and dimethoate were signficinatly safer (34.33 to 36.99% inhibition), followed by endosulfan, quinolphos and chlorpyriphos (38.96 to 42.96% inhibition). At the recommended concentration, the insecticides inhibited the germination of conidia to the extent of 37.67 to 69.16 per cent (Plate 6).
Page 1 and 2:
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF E
Page 3 and 4:
Chapter No. I INTRODUCTION C O N T
Page 5 and 6:
Contd….. Table No. Title 14. Spor
Page 7 and 8:
Contd….. Table No. Title 39. Per
Page 9 and 10: Plate No. LIST OF PLATES Title 1. M
Page 11 and 12: I.INTRODUCTION The increased use of
Page 13 and 14: II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The variou
Page 15 and 16: The entomopathogenic fungi so far i
Page 17 and 18: Table 1. Contd….. Sl. No. Insect
Page 19 and 20: Milner et al. (2002) studied the ef
Page 21 and 22: 25°C for sporulation and biomass p
Page 23 and 24: Pathogencity of various strains/iso
Page 25 and 26: Gopalkrishnan and Mohan (2000) test
Page 27 and 28: necessary serial dilutions under ph
Page 29 and 30: Sl. No. Table 2. Details of differe
Page 31 and 32: 3.9 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT FORMULA
Page 33 and 34: Fig. 1. Mycopathogens of insect pes
Page 35 and 36: Table 5. Contd….. Month/s visited
Page 37 and 38: Table 5. Contd….. Month/s visited
Page 39 and 40: Table 5. Contd….. Mycosis noticed
Page 41 and 42: Totally eight isolates of N. rileyi
Page 43 and 44: Metarhizium anisopliae Vertucillium
Page 45 and 46: Ma 1 (Dharwad) Ma2 (Dharwad) Ma 3 (
Page 47 and 48: Table 8. Mortality caused by the is
Page 49 and 50: Helicoverpa armigera Dimond Black M
Page 51 and 52: Plate 5. The moratality of Hlelicov
Page 53 and 54: Table 11. Total biomass production
Page 55 and 56: Table 12. Total biomass production
Page 57 and 58: Table 14. Sporulation of Metarhiziu
Page 59: Mean spore yield x 10 8 /g 25 20 15
Page 63 and 64: Mean spore yield x 10 4 /g 35 30 25
Page 65 and 66: Sl. No. Table 19. Effect of fungici
Page 67 and 68: Per cent inhibition 100 90 80 70 60
Page 69 and 70: Sl. No. Table 21. Effect of insecti
Page 71 and 72: Out of nine insecticides, endosulfa
Page 73 and 74: Sl. No. Table 23. Effect of weedici
Page 75 and 76: Days after storage Table 25. Persis
Page 77 and 78: Table 26. Survival of Metarhizium a
Page 79 and 80: Table 28. Survival of Metarhizium a
Page 81 and 82: Sl. No. Table 29. Survival of Metar
Page 83 and 84: Sl. No. Table 30. Survival of Metar
Page 85 and 86: Per cent germination 90 80 70 60 50
Page 87 and 88: Sl. No. Table 33. Survival of Verti
Page 93 and 94: 4.9 PATHOGENICITY OF Verticillium l
Page 95 and 96: Sl. No. Table 39. Per cent mortalit
Page 97 and 98: Culture grown on rice grains Harves
Page 99 and 100: Tr. No. Table 41. Per cent reductio
Page 101 and 102: Tr. No. Table 43. Per cent reductio
Page 103 and 104: The fungal spray at higher dosage (
Page 105 and 106: Table 46. Effect of wild types and
Page 107 and 108: The hyphal and conidial characters
Page 109 and 110: In an earlier experiment, bagasse w
Page 111 and 112:
M. anisopliae exhibited rapid reduc
Page 113 and 114:
higher mortality of aphids. The com
Page 115 and 116:
14. Oil formulations proved better
Page 117 and 118:
CHARNLEY, A.K. AND ST. LEGER, R.J.,
Page 119 and 120:
IGNOFFO, C.M., MARSTON, N.L., HOSTE
Page 121 and 122:
MULLER, E.J., 2000, Control of the
Page 123 and 124:
ST LEGER, R.J., BUTT, T.M., STAPLES
Page 125 and 126:
APPENDIX I Mean monthly weather dat
Page 127 and 128:
Maharashtra Association for the Cul
Page 129:
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF E
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