VEEN, K.H. <strong>AND</strong> FERON, P., 1966, A selective medium for the isolation of Baeuveria bassiana and Metarhizium amiopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 8: 268- 269. VEEN, K.H., 1968, Recherches sur la maladie, due a Metharhizium anisopliae chez le criquet Pèlerin. Ph.D. Thesis. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen. VESTERGAARD, S., GILLESPIE, A.T., BUTT, T.M., SCHREITER, G. <strong>AND</strong> EILENBERG, J., 1995, Pathogenicity of the hyphomycetes fungi, Verticillium lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae to the western flower thrips, Franklinella occidentalis. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 5: 152-156. VIMALA DEVI, P.S. <strong>AND</strong> PRASAD, Y.G., 1996, Compatibility of oils and antifeedants of plant origin with the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 68: 91-93. VIMALA DEVI, P.S., 1994, Conidia production of the entomopathogenic fungus N. rileyi and its evaluation for control of S. litura on Ricinus communis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 63: 145-150. VIMALADEVI, P.S., 1995, Soil treatment with Nomuraea rileyi a promising technique for the control of Spodoptera litura on groundnut. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 5: 361-364. WILDING, N., 1981, Pest control by entomophthoralu. In Microbial control of Pest and Plant Diseases (Eds. Burges, H.O.), Academic Press, London, pp.539-554. WILLIAMS, J.G., KUKBELIK, A.R., RAFALSKI, J.A. <strong>AND</strong> TINGEY, S.V., 1991, Genetic analysis with RAPD markers. In: More Gene Manipulations in Fungi (Eds. J. W. Bennett and L.L. Lasure), Academic Press, New York, 19: 431-439. WOODS, S.P. <strong>AND</strong> GRULA, E.A., 1984, Utilizable surface nutrients on Heliothis zea available for growth of Beauveria bassiana. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 43: 259-269. YIP, H.Y., RATH, A.C. <strong>AND</strong> KOEN, T.B., 1992, Characterization of Metarhizium anisopliae isolates from Tasmanian pasture soils and their pathogenic to red headed cockchafer. Mycological Research, 96: 92-96. ZIMMERMANN, G., 1982, Effect of high temperatures and artificial sunlight on the viability of conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 40: 36-40. ZIMMERMANN, G., 1993, The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and its potential as a biocontrol agent. Pesticide Science, 37: 375–379.
APPENDIX I Mean monthly weather data at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual 1999 Maximum (°C) 29.4 32.8 36.2 36.6 32.2 28.0 26.4 27.1 28.3 28.9 29.6 28.9 30.4 Minimum (°C) 12.4 16.9 20.2 21.1 21.3 21.0 20.8 20.4 20.0 19.8 16.0 13.4 18.6 RH (%) 75 63 63 65 75 85 89 85 83 79 59 51 73 RF (mm) 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.7 32.8 71.8 113.9 19.7 8.8 161.1 0.0 0.0 422.8 No. of rainy days - - - 1 1 7 8 2 1 10 - - 30 2000 Maximum (°C) 30.6 32.2 35.2 37.3 33.9 29.0 26.8 27.2 29.0 29.5 30.4 28.3 30.8 Minimum (°C) 15.1 15.7 18.5 21.5 21.1 21.3 20.4 20.2 20.4 20.2 16.9 13.4 18.7 RH (%) 48 52 47 57 67 79 81 81 76 77 63 58 65 RF (mm) 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.1 45.4 50.7 125.2 50.4 32.1 88.3 0.0 3.0 539.2 No. of rainy days - - - 1 4 5 6 4 9 7 - 1 37 2001 Maximum (°C) 29.9 34.0 35.3 35.7 34.8 30.3 26.8 27.2 30.1 30.1 31.0 29.6 31.2 Minimum (°C) 15.0 16.8 18.5 22.0 21.5 21.3 21.1 20.9 20.2 19.9 17.9 13.7 19.1 RH (%) 55 50 45 55 59 75 81 81 72 66 55 55 62 RF (mm) 0.0 0.0 0.0 52.1 23.2 32.5 33.1 58.1 53.6 17.0 0.0 Tr 269.6 No. of rainy days - - - 4 2 5 5 5 5 3 - - 29 2002 Maximum (°C) 30.1 31.9 36.0 37.2 34.9 29.6 28.4 26.6 29.8 30.7 30.5 30.2 31.3 Minimum (°C) 14.5 17.9 20.0 21.7 23.0 21.9 21.3 20.5 20.0 20.4 17.1 14.4 19.4 RH (%) 55 50 49 53 62 80 79 82 73 67 62 47 63 RF (mm) 0.0 62.7 0.0 67.0 57.9 60.5 15.0 48.1 6.6 103.6 7.0 0.0 428.4 No. of rainy days - 1 - 5 4 4 0 7 1 6 1 - 29
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ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF E
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Chapter No. I INTRODUCTION C O N T
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Contd….. Table No. Title 14. Spor
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Contd….. Table No. Title 39. Per
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Plate No. LIST OF PLATES Title 1. M
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I.INTRODUCTION The increased use of
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II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The variou
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The entomopathogenic fungi so far i
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Table 1. Contd….. Sl. No. Insect
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Milner et al. (2002) studied the ef
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25°C for sporulation and biomass p
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Pathogencity of various strains/iso
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Gopalkrishnan and Mohan (2000) test
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necessary serial dilutions under ph
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Sl. No. Table 2. Details of differe
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3.9 EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT FORMULA
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Fig. 1. Mycopathogens of insect pes
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Table 5. Contd….. Month/s visited
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Table 5. Contd….. Month/s visited
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Table 5. Contd….. Mycosis noticed
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Totally eight isolates of N. rileyi
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Metarhizium anisopliae Vertucillium
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Ma 1 (Dharwad) Ma2 (Dharwad) Ma 3 (
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Table 8. Mortality caused by the is
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Helicoverpa armigera Dimond Black M
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Plate 5. The moratality of Hlelicov
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Table 11. Total biomass production
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Table 12. Total biomass production
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Table 14. Sporulation of Metarhiziu
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Mean spore yield x 10 8 /g 25 20 15
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Among the non-grain substrates, the
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Mean spore yield x 10 4 /g 35 30 25
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Per cent inhibition 100 90 80 70 60
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Out of nine insecticides, endosulfa
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