String Theory Demystified

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CHAPTER 10 A Summary of Superstring Theory 193 vice versa (or switch momentum and winding modes). The same holds for the two heterotic theories. This means that type II A and type II B are really the same theory, and the two heterotic theories are really the same theory. S-DUALITY The second big duality that has been discovered is S-duality. Remember that a coupling constant determines the strength of an interaction, and in string theory the dilaton fi eld determines the value of the coupling constant. String theories have different coupling constants that are weak or strong. By letting ϕ →− ϕ where ϕ is the dilaton fi eld, since the coupling constant is defi ned from g = exp ϕ , we see that we can transform a large coupling constant into a small one and vice versa, changing a strong interaction into a weak one and vice versa. This is what S-duality is about. S-duality brings type I superstring theory into the fold. That is, under S-duality • Type I superstring theory is related to heterotic SO(32) superstring theory. • Type II B is S-dual to itself. So, a strong interaction in Type I superstring theory is the same as a weak interaction in heterotic SO(32) theory, and vice versa. In other words, the two theories are really the same theory at different coupling strengths. Quiz 1. T-duality relates string theories in which way? (a) It relates strong interactions in type II A theory to weak interactions in type II B theory. (b) It relates strong interactions in heterotic theory to weak interactions in type I theory. (c) It relates large and small distance scales and momentum and winding modes in two different theories. (d) It only relates large and small distance scales. 2. The most signifi cant difference between superstring theory and bosonic theory is (a) Bosonic theory has 16 extra space-time dimensions. (b) Superstring theory eliminates tachyon states and incorporates fermions into the theory.
194 String Theory Demystifi ed (c) Bosonic string theory eliminates tachyons. (d) Superstring theory has an unstable vacuum. 3. The difference between types II A and type II B theory is (a) Type II A theory is nonchiral and type II B theory is chiral. (b) Type II A theory only describes open strings. (c) Type II B theory only describes bosons. (d) Type II B theory is nonchiral and type II A theory is chiral. 4. The dilaton fi eld (a) Is only found in bosonic string theory. (b) Is related to the coupling constant, but only in heterotic theory. (c) Is related to the coupling constant in all string theories. (d) Is known to be a mathematical trick not found in nature. 5. Physicists were excited by dualities because (a) They add fermions to the theory. (b) They show that the fi ve superstring theories are related, so are different aspects of an underlying, unknown theory. (c) They show that bosonic and superstring theories are related, so are different aspects of an underlying, unknown theory. 6. The number of space-time dimensions in string theory (a) Is fi xed at 26 by an ad hoc assumption. (b) Is fi xed at 26 for superstring theories and 10 for bosonic string theory, because this eliminates ghost states from the theory. (c) Is fi xed at 10 for superstring theories and 26 for bosonic string theory, because this eliminates tachyon states from the theory. (d) Is fi xed at 10 for superstring theories and 26 for bosonic string theory, because this eliminates ghost states from the theory.
Page 2 and 3:
Accounting Demystified Advanced Cal
Page 4 and 5:
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hil
Page 6 and 7:
For more information about this tit
Page 8 and 9:
Contents vii BRST in String Theory-
Page 10 and 11:
Contents ix CHAPTER 14 Black Holes
Page 12 and 13:
PREFACE String theory is the greate
Page 14 and 15:
Preface xiii time as this one to he
Page 16 and 17:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction General rela
Page 18 and 19:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 3 fl at spac
Page 20 and 21:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 5 we say tha
Page 22 and 23:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 7 initial an
Page 24 and 25:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 9 a spin-2 b
Page 26 and 27:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 11 So if α
Page 28 and 29:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 13 Figure 1.
Page 30 and 31:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 15 • Type
Page 32 and 33:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 17 Close up,
Page 34 and 35:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 19 5. The mi
Page 36 and 37:
CHAPTER 2 The Classical String I: E
Page 38 and 39:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 23 To
Page 40 and 41:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 25 No
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 29 ct
Page 46 and 47:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 31 Th
Page 48 and 49:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 33 is
Page 50 and 51:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 35 Si
Page 52 and 53:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 37 ho
Page 54 and 55:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 39 Th
Page 56 and 57:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 41 wh
Page 58 and 59:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 43 In
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 47 We
Page 64 and 65:
CHAPTER 2 Equations of Motion 49 In
Page 66 and 67:
CHAPTER 3 The Classical String II:
Page 68 and 69:
CHAPTER 3 Symmetries and Worldsheet
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization At th
Page 86 and 87:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization Here,
Page 88 and 89:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization That
Page 90 and 91:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization Using
Page 92 and 93:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization expec
Page 94 and 95:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization † A
Page 96 and 97:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization To ob
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization lower
Page 100 and 101:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization this)
Page 102 and 103:
CHAPTER 4 String Quantization Norma
Page 104 and 105:
CHAPTER 5 Conformal Field Theory Pa
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
CHAPTER 6 BRST Quantization So far
Page 132 and 133:
CHAPTER 6 BRST Quantization 117 It
Page 134 and 135:
CHAPTER 6 BRST Quantization 119 Cal
Page 136 and 137:
CHAPTER 6 BRST Quantization 121 The
Page 138 and 139:
CHAPTER 6 BRST Quantization 123 To
Page 140 and 141:
CHAPTER 6 BRST Quantization 125 The
Page 142 and 143:
CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings The real
Page 144 and 145:
CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 129 EXAM
Page 146 and 147:
CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 131 SOLU
Page 148 and 149:
CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 133 In t
Page 150 and 151:
CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 135 Now,
Page 152 and 153:
CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 137 We c
Page 154 and 155:
CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 139 We o
Page 156 and 157:
CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 141 OPEN
Page 158 and 159: CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 143 If w
Page 160 and 161: CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 145 The
Page 162 and 163: CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 147 From
Page 164 and 165: CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 149 The
Page 166 and 167: CHAPTER 7 RNS Superstrings 151 3. A
Page 168 and 169: CHAPTER 8 Compactifi cation and T-D
Page 182 and 183: CHAPTER 9 Superstring Theory Contin
Page 202 and 203: CHAPTER 10 A Summary of Superstring
Page 210 and 211: CHAPTER 11 Type II String Theories
Page 222 and 223: CHAPTER 12 Heterotic String Theory
Page 236 and 237: CHAPTER 13 D-Branes One of the most
Page 238 and 239: CHAPTER 13 D-Branes 223 The Space-T
Page 240 and 241: CHAPTER 13 D-Branes 225 Once again
Page 242 and 243: CHAPTER 13 D-Branes 227 and ( X i i
Page 244 and 245: CHAPTER 13 D-Branes 229 fi rst exci
Page 246 and 247: CHAPTER 13 D-Branes 231 a set of D-
Page 248 and 249: CHAPTER 13 D-Branes 233 D-brane 1 a
Page 250 and 251: CHAPTER 13 D-Branes 235 Tachyons ca
Page 252 and 253: CHAPTER 13 D-Branes 237 We consider
Page 254 and 255: CHAPTER 14 Black Holes Black holes,
Page 256 and 257: CHAPTER 14 Black Holes 241 This equ
Page 258 and 259:
CHAPTER 14 Black Holes 243 Here, G
Page 260 and 261:
CHAPTER 14 Black Holes 245 When the
Page 262 and 263:
CHAPTER 14 Black Holes 247 hole squ
Page 264 and 265:
CHAPTER 14 Black Holes 249 Entropy
Page 266 and 267:
CHAPTER 14 Black Holes 251 Recallin
Page 268 and 269:
CHAPTER 14 Black Holes 253 Now, the
Page 270 and 271:
CHAPTER 15 The Holographic Principl
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
CHAPTER 16 String Theory and Cosmol
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Final Exam 1 1. Consider the lagran
Page 296 and 297:
Final Exam 281 0 0 26. Find a simpl
Page 298 and 299:
Final Exam 283 68. When a single sp
Page 300 and 301:
Chapter 1 1. b 6. a 2. a 7. c 3. c
Page 302 and 303:
Quiz Solutions 287 3. i( − ) 4.
Page 304 and 305:
Quiz Solutions 289 Chapter 11 1. c
Page 306 and 307:
1. P 2. E µ 2 ν 1 ( X′ ) X µ
Page 308 and 309:
Final Exam Solutions 293 27. Supers
Page 310 and 311:
Final Exam Solutions 295 73. Types
Page 312 and 313:
Books References Becker, K., M. Bec
Page 314 and 315:
|NS〉 ⊕ |NS〉 Sector, 203 |NS
Page 316 and 317:
INDEX 301 Cyclic model, 277 Cylinde
Page 318 and 319:
INDEX 303 Mechanics, quantum. See Q
Page 320 and 321:
INDEX 305 Schwarzschild metric, 242
show all

String Theory Demystified

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?