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Onorio III
Honorius III (Latin: Honorius PP. III, Italian: Onorio III; 1148
– 18 March 1227), previously known as Cencio Savelli, was
Pope from 1216 to 1227.
Frederick II now made serious preparations for the crusade. In
the midst of it, however, Pope Honorius III died in Rome on 18
March 1227 without seeing the achievement of his hopes. It was
left to his successor, Pope Gregory IX, to insist upon their
accomplishment.
Gregory IX
Gregory IX (Latin: Gregorius PP. IX, Italian: Gregorio IX; c.
1145/70 – 22 August 1241), born Ugolino di Conti, was Pope
of the Roman Catholic Church from 19 March 1227 until his
death. He is known for instituting the Papal Inquisition, a
mechanism that severely punished people accused of heresy,
in response to the failures of the episcopal inquisitions
established during the time of Pope Lucius III through his
papal bull Ad abolendam issued in 1184.
The successor of Pope Honorius III, he fully inherited the traditions of Pope
Gregory VII and of his cousin Pope Innocent III, and zealously continued their
policy of Papal supremacy
After his elevation to the papal chair at the conclusion of the papal election of 1227,
Gregory IX commissioned Konrad von Marburg to eliminate heresy throughout the
whole of Germany. Gregory IX began his pontificate by suspending the Holy
Roman Emperor Frederick II, then lying sick at Otranto, for dilatoriness in
carrying out the promised Sixth Crusade. The suspension was followed by
excommunication and threats of deposition, as deeper rifts appeared – Frederick
II's control of the Sicilian Church, his feudal obligations to the Pope, even his
continued presence in Sicily. Frederick II publicly appealed to the sovereigns of
Europe complaining of his treatment. Frederick II went to the Holy Land and
skirmished with the Saracens to fulfill his vow, but was soon back in Italy, where
Gregory IX had taken advantage of his absence by invading his territories. A
consequent invasion of the Papal States in 1228 having proved unsuccessful, the
Emperor was constrained to give in his submission and beg for absolution.
Although peace was thus secured in August 1230 for a season, the Roman people
were far from satisfied; driven by a revolt from his own capital in June 1232, the
Pope was compelled to take refuge at Anagni and invoke the aid of Frederick II.
Gregory IX and Frederick came to a truce, but when Frederick defeated the
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