a study of the quality of a local herbal tea and volatiles of parinari ...

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Table 4.7: Volatile constituents obtained from dried cocoyam leaves using hydrodistillation and solvent extraction from the hydrosol (HSH) and CFMD RI Compounds HSH CFMD 1212 2-Hexanal Y Y 1457 Furfural Y X 1534 Benzaldehyde Y Y 1660 Phenyl acetaldehyde Y X 1703 Oxoisophorone Y X 1849 Geranyl acetone Y Y 1937 β-Ionone Y Y 1989 β-Ionone epoxide Y Y 2197 3.4-Dimethyl-5-pentyl-5H-furan-2-one Y X Total number of carbonyls 9 5 1340 1-Hexanol X Y 1376 Cis-3-hexanol X Y 1390 3-Hexen-1-ol Y X 1395 2-Butoxy ethanol Y X 1438 2-Hexen-1-ol Y X 1441 trans Linalool oxide Y X 1442 1-Octen-3-ol X Y 1885 Benzyl alcohol X Y 1903 Phenyl ethyl alcohol Y Y Total number of alcohols 5 5 2359 Dihydroactinidiolide Y X Total number of esters 1 Total number of compounds 15 10 Y- compound has been extracted by this particular method X- compound has not been extracted by this particular method The compounds identified using HSH from dried cocoyam leaves were comprised of carbonyls (60 %), alcohols (33.3 %) and esters (6.7 %). Using the CFMD, carbonyls constituted 50 % of the total number of compounds while alcohols made up the remaining 50 %. The presence of the lipid derived compounds such as benzaldehyde, 3- hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol and cis-3 hexanol shows that cocoyam leaf lipids may be significant aroma precursors (Macleod, 1990). 68
4.4.2 Identity of volatile flavour constituents in cassava leaves Compounds which were identified in fresh cassava leaves after extraction with steam distillation followed by solvent extraction (SS) and hydrodistillation followed by solvent extraction (HS) are provided in Table 4.8. Table 4.8: Volatile compounds from hydrodistillation and solvent extraction (HS) and steam distillation and solvent extraction (SS) of fresh cassava leaves RI Compounds HS SS 1849 Geranyl acetone Y Y 1937 β-Ionone Y Y 1616 Cyclocitral Y X 1637 Safranal Y X Total carbonyls 4 2 2209 Methyl palmitate Y Y 2242 Ethyl palmitate Y Y 2559 Methyl linolenate Y Y 2594 Ethyl linolenate Y X Total fatty acid esters 4 3 Total number of compounds 8 5 Y- the compound has been extracted using this particular method X- the compound has not been extracted using this particular method The results indicated that only fatty acid esters and carbonyls were identified. Extraction of fatty acid esters was due to the non polar solvent (n-hexane) used in the solvent extraction step. Steam distillation and solvent extraction of fresh cassava leaves identified, fatty acids and carbonyls which constituted 60 % and 40 % respectively of the compounds identified. Hydrodistillation and solvent extraction of the same leaves 69
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A STUDY OF THE QUALITY OF A LOCAL H
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DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I the
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DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis t
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ABSTRACT This study concerned the q
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TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION BY TH
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2.6.5 F. ancylantha Schweinf ......
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3.10.1 GC and GC-MS conditions for
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Quality p
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1.1 Background CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCT
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Considering the benefits associated
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A local herbal tea made from F. anc
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green tea, partly because of the ox
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average level of 3 % along with ver
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alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers
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Scheme 2.1: : Enzymatic degradation
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In Scheme 2.2 linolenic acid is tra
Page 33 and 34: alkylating agent. DMAPP possesses a
Page 35 and 36: cinnamaldehyde and coumarin (cinnam
Page 37 and 38: mixing and agitating a liquid or so
Page 39 and 40: method whose isolation efficiency d
Page 41 and 42: immersed directly into the sample s
Page 43 and 44: (1958) as a parameter for identifyi
Page 45 and 46: natural product was identified. The
Page 47 and 48: (Larkcom, 2007). Taro leaves and le
Page 49 and 50: 2.6.5 F. ancylantha Schweinf F. anc
Page 51 and 52: 2 cm broad, valvate, with 1-3 subgl
Page 53 and 54: Fruits and vegetables were placed i
Page 55 and 56: 3.4 Preparation of chemicals and re
Page 57 and 58: and SII (Robert and Smith, 1963). T
Page 59 and 60: Where the (E(1cm)0.02 %) value for
Page 61 and 62: Distillation was carried out for 4
Page 63 and 64: done to remove particles of Na2SO4.
Page 65 and 66: 3.8.6 Hydrodistillation and solvent
Page 67 and 68: experiment was continued for 57 min
Page 69 and 70: 3.10 Identification of volatile con
Page 71 and 72: CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4
Page 73 and 74: Significant (p
Page 75 and 76: Using the hydrodistillation and sol
Page 77 and 78: 4.3 Volatile constituents of S. coc
Page 79 and 80: The SPME method identified 11 compo
Page 81 and 82: Esters constituted (83.3 % %) while
Page 83: Table 4.6: Compounds identified aft
Page 87 and 88: Table 4.9: Compounds identified aft
Page 89 and 90: Seven compounds made up oof f carbo
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEN
Page 93 and 94: 5.2 Recommendations In order to exp
Page 95 and 96: Chalton, A.J., Davis, A.L., Jones,
Page 97 and 98: G1Innovations. (2003). Innovations
Page 99 and 100: sims F.Flavicarpa Degner) as determ
Page 101 and 102: agricultural and Pastoral communiti
Page 103 and 104: Reineccius, G., and Heath, H.B. (20
Page 105 and 106: Sawamura, M. (Ed.). (2010). Citrus
Page 107 and 108: Vas, G., and Vekey. K. (2004). Soli
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