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4 because it's not the highest priority of the countries involved; that's all" (Lithwick, 1998, pg 27). In the framework of this study water is allocated with the single objective to meet local demands, no consideration has been given to water marginal productivity. 1.3 Relevance and Limitations of the Water Balance Approach No singular method of water management is far superior to the rest, but the consensus concerning inadequate management in the arid realm underlines the importance of providing decision makers in arid and semi arid countries with a better understanding of current patterns. Many methods have been developed over the years to assess water use patterns based on the availability of water resources. One such method, the Water Budget Analysis, follows from the Water Balance Approach (Molden, 1997). The disaggregated Water Balance Inventory has long been used as a key tool for calculating the ratio between water demand patterns and the availability of water sources in a given domain (Mather, 1984). The Water Budget Inventory under various different names, is essentially a quantitative summary of all of the inputs and outputs from and to a water system (Helweg, 1985). The central notion of the water budget concept is based on the argument that understanding current water resources and the associated demand and use pattern is essential for successful water management. Ideally, a water budget analysis can act as a stepping stone for innovative and practical recommendations that can be applied to specific water systems. An assessment of available water through a water budget analysis is vital in trying to understand the potential effect of different policy options. It may also aid in the development of a more appropriate allocation system that will better meet desired objectives (Barker et al 2003). However, the Water Budget method to date has been given only perfunctory attention on the state level, usually in the context of ensuring adequate national supplies. More recently, the Water Budget method has also been applied to certain subsystems, including river basins, some inter-state basins and few international basins (Roberts, 1993).
5 In the initial process of any water inventory, various problems may arise, such as data deficiency (partial or complete lack of data) and inaccuracy due to different measurement methods used (not comparable data) and unreliable sources from which data is obtained. This can present a faulty or inaccurate picture of the investigation inventory. Nonetheless, a Water Budget Analysis is considered a necessary step and adequate method of quantifying the tolerable supply levels in arid regions, while taking into account local constraints. Thus in this study, a Water Budget Analysis is held to provide a first approximation of water allocation and consumption. As ineffective this method may be in directly assessing current water supply and use patterns, it must be noted that without adequate records of quantities of water in a given domain, problems cannot be accurately determined and solutions cannot be found. 1.4 Technical Solutions for Water Shortages: Inter-basin Transportation of water In order to overcome perceived shortages, a number of schemes have been developed through the years (Lithwich et al. 1998). While the bulk of water management-related constrains seems to be shared by most arid regions, water demand and usage patterns differ according to several variables, such as population growth, economic development, cultural and foreign policy objectives (Le Marquand, 1977). Given these factors, the success of methods implemented in one country may not obtain elsewhere (Agnew and Anderson, 1992). Dingman, (1994) wrote: "No specific formula for a long range water resources plan for a country or for hydrologic units has ever been defined" (Agnew and Anderson, 1992, pg 270). Among the most prevalent of methods are, as Mather (1994) points out, storage via captured runoff, the manipulation of pricing system, the introduction of water savings techniques and conveyances facilities, etc. In the framework of this work it is studied the inter-basin transportation of water, here intended as a technical remediation to water shortages. This solution is considered to be significant because there are no inter-basin aqueducts in the study area so that it is here investigated what would be the operational cost of an aqueduct scheme that would meet water demand with existing water supply. Transportation of water is the movement of water over large distances. Methods of transportation fall into two categories: a) aqueducts, which include pipelines, canals,
Page 1 and 2: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Page 3 and 4: Abstract I The Sicilian water balan
Page 5 and 6: Tables of contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Page 7 and 8: Figures and tables V Figure 1 - Con
Page 9 and 10: 1 1 Introduction The Sicilian water
Page 11: 3 1.2 Water Balance Assessment One
Page 15 and 16: 7 almost exclusively with the use o
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2 - The study area 9 2.2 Cli
Page 19 and 20: 11 Figure 3 - Rainfall distribution
Page 21 and 22: Figure 6 - Qualitative features of
Page 23 and 24: 15 The aquifer is generally modestl
Page 25 and 26: 17 2.5.1 Potential vulnerability 5
Page 27 and 28: 3 Methodology 19 Two different mode
Page 29 and 30: 21 The objective function is subjec
Page 31 and 32: 23 to the output. This is not the c
Page 33 and 34: Ri = Runoff, rivers, lakes, reservo
Page 35 and 36: U j = s ∑ r = 1 u r 27 for r = 1,
Page 37 and 38: 29 C = smoothness of the internal p
Page 39 and 40: 31 The resulting polygons of every
Page 41 and 42: 33 c) The location of supply nodes
Page 43 and 44: 35 In the network made of 13 arcs t
Page 45 and 46: 37 and 600 mm per year. Springs and
Page 47 and 48: 39 Agricultural 13.4 4.4 - - Na 17.
Page 49 and 50: Basin: TELLARO Code: 19086 Area: 38
Page 51 and 52: 43 plant: and the Fiumara Grande an
Page 53 and 54: 45 total balance (table 14) of the
Page 55 and 56: 47 Table 15 - Arc length, and eleva
Page 57 and 58: 49 4.5 The Costs of Transshipment T
Page 59 and 60: 51 Figure 16 - Transhipment optimal
Page 61 and 62: 53 general equilibrium between the
Page 63 and 64:
55 6 References Agnew C. and Anders
Page 65 and 66:
57 Commissario Delegato per l'Emerg
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59 Peel M. C., Finlayson B. L., and
Page 69 and 70:
ANNEX A Transportation script MODEL
Page 71 and 72:
ANNEX C Global optimal solution fou
Page 73 and 74:
65 Global optimal solution found. T
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