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16 - In the plain of Catania and in the area of Syracuse the presence of large irrigated areas for the production of agricultural products determines the intensive and uncontrolled exploitation of the underground aquifers (fig. 6 points 36 and 35). - In the territories of Augusta and of Syracuse there is a great concentration of industries, mostly of them belonging to the petrochemical type that were established and progressively developed since the early 1950 (fig. 6 point 35). - In the basin of the Simeto, the lack of residential areas in the zone of the aquifers’ slide, the location of those existing to the edges and particularly, the location of the sewerages unloading of these areas, implies that it is not possible any contamination of the waters’ flowing within the paleo-valleys of the Simeto. Neither, it should be expected any influence for the modest waste-materials coming from the few existing residences in the area. Nevertheless, it should be taken into consideration a possible contamination because of chemical fertilizers or fungicides used for agricultural purposes. The nature of the crops and even more the remarkable thickness of the lava blanket that separates the level of stratum from the ground make contamination a remote possibility (fig. 6 points 36). - In the area of Ragusa there is single stratum in the calcarenitis, which is intensely exploited. The data about the quotas of the static levels show strong lowering of the water-bearing surface and the advancement of the front of sea intrusion. This lets suppose that the stratum is in a precarious equilibrium. As regards the stratum in the limestones, an interesting datum is constituted by the waters’ salinity of the same stratum. Under the profile of the chemical composition, the waters withdrawn by some sources of the principal calcareous aquifer have showed a chemism of calcium - chloride and calcium - alkali type. Also the waters withdrawn by wells dug in the superficial aquifer can have different chemism (water of calciumchloride composition and calcium-alkaline water). (fig. 6 point 34).
17 2.5.1 Potential vulnerability 5 of the water strata to contamination According to Brucculeri et al. (2002) potential vulnerability of the water strata can be defined as follows. The carbonatic massifs inscribed in the study area (Siracusa and Ragusa, fig. 6 points 34 and 35) have particular aspects of fragility especially where karst fields are combined under areas of agricultural activity and stock-raising. These carbonatic massifs, with very high vulnerability feed spring groups of remarkable importance. The areas at the foot of the carbonatic massifs where generally the great springs appear on the surface are exposed to contamination risks as well. Besides, the areas affected by a number of anthropogenic activities (especially quarry areas), that provoked the removal of the original soil coverage, seem to be more vulnerable than the mountainous slopes, sometimes also characterized by moderate vulnerability. The volcanic aquifers (fig. 6 point 36) for their intrinsic characteristics (litho- structural characteristics, discontinuity, modalities of underground water circulation) show a high degree of vulnerability on which it has also a meaningful incidence the stratum depth; therefore, in correspondence of the downhill zones and the lowland, the important underground water resources, largely exploited for drinkable purposes, are also subjected to high risk, if considering the dangerousness determined by the environmental conditions (residential and productive installations that can provoke phenomena of pollution in absence of any protection measure). 5 . "Sensitivity"and/or "Vulnerability" are relative terms used to describe how well an aquifer is protected from infiltrating contamination. A highly sensitive aquifer would have little or no defense, whereas an aquifer with low sensitivity would be very well protected. A shallow, unconsolidated sand-and-gravel aquifer is highly sensitive to contamination. The physical characteristics of the aquifer permit rapid infiltration of recharge. Conversely, a deep, confined, layered basalt aquifer has a very low sensitivity. Infiltrating recharge could take years to reach the aquifer, allowing time for contaminants to abate or degrade. The sensitivity of an aquifer can vary greatly, depending on geologic conditions. Fractured or faulted terrain tends to conduct recharge much more quickly than unfractured rock because fractures act as conduits for fluid flow. Hence, faulted or fractured bedrock aquifers tend to be highly sensitive. Limestone terrain that has undergone dissolution (dissolving) by groundwater often forms karst topography, which is characterized by sinkholes, caves, and rapid underground drainage. With its many conduits connecting the surface and subsurface, karst terrain makes for a highly sensitive aquifer. Highly impermeable strata, such as silt and clay, provide a physical barrier above an aquifer. Aquifers that are overlain by thick sequences of silt and clay or unfractured bedrock tend to be less sensitive to surface activities (Geophysics Study Committee, 1984).
Page 1 and 2: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Page 3 and 4: Abstract I The Sicilian water balan
Page 5 and 6: Tables of contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Page 7 and 8: Figures and tables V Figure 1 - Con
Page 9 and 10: 1 1 Introduction The Sicilian water
Page 11 and 12: 3 1.2 Water Balance Assessment One
Page 13 and 14: 5 In the initial process of any wat
Page 15 and 16: 7 almost exclusively with the use o
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2 - The study area 9 2.2 Cli
Page 19 and 20: 11 Figure 3 - Rainfall distribution
Page 21 and 22: Figure 6 - Qualitative features of
Page 23: 15 The aquifer is generally modestl
Page 27 and 28: 3 Methodology 19 Two different mode
Page 29 and 30: 21 The objective function is subjec
Page 31 and 32: 23 to the output. This is not the c
Page 33 and 34: Ri = Runoff, rivers, lakes, reservo
Page 35 and 36: U j = s ∑ r = 1 u r 27 for r = 1,
Page 37 and 38: 29 C = smoothness of the internal p
Page 39 and 40: 31 The resulting polygons of every
Page 41 and 42: 33 c) The location of supply nodes
Page 43 and 44: 35 In the network made of 13 arcs t
Page 45 and 46: 37 and 600 mm per year. Springs and
Page 47 and 48: 39 Agricultural 13.4 4.4 - - Na 17.
Page 49 and 50: Basin: TELLARO Code: 19086 Area: 38
Page 51 and 52: 43 plant: and the Fiumara Grande an
Page 53 and 54: 45 total balance (table 14) of the
Page 55 and 56: 47 Table 15 - Arc length, and eleva
Page 57 and 58: 49 4.5 The Costs of Transshipment T
Page 59 and 60: 51 Figure 16 - Transhipment optimal
Page 61 and 62: 53 general equilibrium between the
Page 63 and 64: 55 6 References Agnew C. and Anders
Page 65 and 66: 57 Commissario Delegato per l'Emerg
Page 67 and 68: 59 Peel M. C., Finlayson B. L., and
Page 69 and 70: ANNEX A Transportation script MODEL
Page 71 and 72: ANNEX C Global optimal solution fou
Page 73 and 74: 65 Global optimal solution found. T
Page 75 and 76:
67 Global optimal solution found. T
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79:
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