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Abbreviations VI AIS Administrative and Institutional System CB Consorzio di Bonifica (Consortium for water distribution) Csa Mediterranean Climate Csb Mediterranean Climate FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GDP Gross Domestic Products LP Linear programming NRS Natural Resources System OR Operational Research PSH Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity SES Socio-Economic System UNEP United Nation Environmental Program UNESCO United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organiazation WB Water Budget WBA Water Budget Approach WBS Water Budget Sheet ή Pump efficiency ∆Z Difference in elevation Ad Agricultural demand C Smoothness of the internal pipe Cij Unit transportation cost D Internal diameter of pipe Dw Recycled water F Infiltration g Acceleration H Reassure head h Height in meters HP Hors power I Industrial demand J Gradient of the head loss k Coefficient of efficiency L Length m Total number of supply sites n Total number of demand sites p Population P Power in kilo watts Q Water consumption per day per inhabitant qm Cubic meters R Runoff, rivers, lakes, reservoirs potential r Flow rate u Estimated urban demand U Urban demand Z Value of the objective function ∆h Pressure friction losses
1 1 Introduction The Sicilian water balance shows a substantial equilibrium between the total water demand and total consumption on a yearly basis. Nevertheless, a closer analysis, at basin level, reveals local situations of dramatic shortages both in terms of spatial and temporal distribution of water resources. The problem to be solved, and the objective to be reached, concerns the selection of the most economical water distribution scheme that would meet water supply and demand of a specific study area in South-East Sicily. In other words, given an unbalanced situation where basins are presenting either surplus or deficit of water, mathematical tools were applied to select among different theoretical distribution schemes on the basis of their operational costs. The model seeks the selection of the distribution scheme that generates the lowest operational cost. Beside the main purpose of the work, a number of intermediate objectives were defined as follows: a) characterization of the geophysical main features of the study area; b) drafting of a water balance assessment of the study area; c) drafting of a map of water sources and destination (georeferencing of water demand and supply); d) drafting of possible water distribution network schemes; e) selection of the most economical network scheme and estimation of the total operational cost and the unit cost per cubic meter of water transported in one year. In practice, point (e) corresponds to the general objective of the study. 1.1 The Arid Realm and the Sicilian Water Management The arid realm is a vast area covering one-third of the earth's land surface and includes approximately 40 percent of the world's population (Agnew and Anderson, 1992; Wilson, 2004). Arid regions are characterized by great environmental and economic contrasts and contain some of the world's most important mineral resources (Heathcote, 1983: Mather, 1984: Helweg, 1985). However, they are also water scarce areas that limit human settlement and industrial activities (Bruins and Lithwick, 1998). UNESCO has listed 'lack of water resources' and 'hostility' as two of the main obstacles to development in these areas (Roberts, 1993). With growing demand and limited availability of water resources, there is a mounting global need to manage more efficiently available water resources in these areas, particularly in cases where all or nearly all water supplies are exploited (Van Vleck et al., 1987; Molden 1997).
Page 1 and 2: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Page 3 and 4: Abstract I The Sicilian water balan
Page 5 and 6: Tables of contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Page 7: Figures and tables V Figure 1 - Con
Page 11 and 12: 3 1.2 Water Balance Assessment One
Page 13 and 14: 5 In the initial process of any wat
Page 15 and 16: 7 almost exclusively with the use o
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2 - The study area 9 2.2 Cli
Page 19 and 20: 11 Figure 3 - Rainfall distribution
Page 21 and 22: Figure 6 - Qualitative features of
Page 23 and 24: 15 The aquifer is generally modestl
Page 25 and 26: 17 2.5.1 Potential vulnerability 5
Page 27 and 28: 3 Methodology 19 Two different mode
Page 29 and 30: 21 The objective function is subjec
Page 31 and 32: 23 to the output. This is not the c
Page 33 and 34: Ri = Runoff, rivers, lakes, reservo
Page 35 and 36: U j = s ∑ r = 1 u r 27 for r = 1,
Page 37 and 38: 29 C = smoothness of the internal p
Page 39 and 40: 31 The resulting polygons of every
Page 41 and 42: 33 c) The location of supply nodes
Page 43 and 44: 35 In the network made of 13 arcs t
Page 45 and 46: 37 and 600 mm per year. Springs and
Page 47 and 48: 39 Agricultural 13.4 4.4 - - Na 17.
Page 49 and 50: Basin: TELLARO Code: 19086 Area: 38
Page 51 and 52: 43 plant: and the Fiumara Grande an
Page 53 and 54: 45 total balance (table 14) of the
Page 55 and 56: 47 Table 15 - Arc length, and eleva
Page 57 and 58: 49 4.5 The Costs of Transshipment T
Page 59 and 60:
51 Figure 16 - Transhipment optimal
Page 61 and 62:
53 general equilibrium between the
Page 63 and 64:
55 6 References Agnew C. and Anders
Page 65 and 66:
57 Commissario Delegato per l'Emerg
Page 67 and 68:
59 Peel M. C., Finlayson B. L., and
Page 69 and 70:
ANNEX A Transportation script MODEL
Page 71 and 72:
ANNEX C Global optimal solution fou
Page 73 and 74:
65 Global optimal solution found. T
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
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