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6 and tunnels; b) container shipment, which includes transport by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship. In these study only pipelines solutions will be studied. 1.5 Pumped Storage Hydroelectricity The transportation schemes here addressed includes the possibility to create electrical energy out of the elevation difference between sources and destinations of water. In other words, it is here assumed, that water transportation consumes energy when a negative elevation (destination higher than source) has to be overcome and genertes energy otherwise. Pumped storage hydroelectricity (PSH) and its many practical variations, is a type of hydroelectric power generation that can be integrated to water distribution systems (Oron et al 1988). The classical PSH method consists in the storage of energy in the form of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation, and the production of hydroelectricity releasing water from the higher to lowest elevation. The first use of pumped storage was in the 1890s in Italy and Switzerland. In the 1930s reversible hydroelectric turbines became available. These turbines could operate as both turbine-generators and in reverse as electric pumps. Although the losses of the pumping process makes the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system generates revenues by operating the turbines during periods of peak demand, when electricity prices are maximal, and running the pumps during periods of off-peak demand when electricity prices are minimal. Pure pumped-storage plants just shift the water between reservoirs but combined pump- storage plants also generate their own electricity like conventional hydroelectric plants through natural stream-flow. A hybrid form of pumped storage hydroelectricity generation will be taken into consideration as a feature of network design. 1.6 Operational Research Operational research was adopted to build and optimize a transportation model. “Operational research is concerned with scientifically deciding how to best design and operate a man-machine system, usually under conditions requiring allocation of scarce resources” (Ravindran, 1984). In other words, operational research (OR) seeks the determination of the best (optimum) course of action of a decision problem under the restriction of limited resources. The term operational research quite often is associated
7 almost exclusively with the use of mathematical techniques to model an analyze decision problems. A decision model is merely a vehicle for “summarizing” a problem in a manner that allows systematic identification and evaluation of all decisions the alternative that is judged to be the “best” among all available options. The decision making process in OR consists of constructing a decision model and then solving it to determine the optimal decision (Taha, 1987). The model is defined as an objective function and restrictions expressed in terms of the variables (alternatives) to the problem. 1.7 Linear Programming The term linear programming defines a particular class of programming problems that meet the following conditions: 1. The decision variable involved in the problem are nonnegative (i.e. positive or zero) 2. The criterion for selecting the “best” values of the decision variables can be described by a linear function of these variables, that is, a mathematical function involving only the first powers of these variables with no cross products. The criterion function is normally referred as the objective function. Operating rules governing the process (e.g. scarcity of the resources) can be expressed as a set of linear equations or linear inequalities. This set is here referred as constrains set. It mast be also noticed that the solution procedure are inherently iterative in nature, and hence even for moderate size problems, one has to resort to computers for solutions. 2 Background information for the water issue in Sicily In order to depict the Sicilian water resource system data and figures were collected in three major domains: a) available natural and infrastructural resources, that determine water supply; b) social and economic activities, that determine water demand); c) administrative framework, that regulates the relation between demand and supply. This conceptual framework is in line with the guidelines given by UNESCO (2005) where a water resource system, can be fully described through the analysis of the above mentioned three domains. Figure 1 describes the interrelations between the NRS (the
Page 1 and 2: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Page 3 and 4: Abstract I The Sicilian water balan
Page 5 and 6: Tables of contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Page 7 and 8: Figures and tables V Figure 1 - Con
Page 9 and 10: 1 1 Introduction The Sicilian water
Page 11 and 12: 3 1.2 Water Balance Assessment One
Page 13: 5 In the initial process of any wat
Page 17 and 18: Figure 2 - The study area 9 2.2 Cli
Page 19 and 20: 11 Figure 3 - Rainfall distribution
Page 21 and 22: Figure 6 - Qualitative features of
Page 23 and 24: 15 The aquifer is generally modestl
Page 25 and 26: 17 2.5.1 Potential vulnerability 5
Page 27 and 28: 3 Methodology 19 Two different mode
Page 29 and 30: 21 The objective function is subjec
Page 31 and 32: 23 to the output. This is not the c
Page 33 and 34: Ri = Runoff, rivers, lakes, reservo
Page 35 and 36: U j = s ∑ r = 1 u r 27 for r = 1,
Page 37 and 38: 29 C = smoothness of the internal p
Page 39 and 40: 31 The resulting polygons of every
Page 41 and 42: 33 c) The location of supply nodes
Page 43 and 44: 35 In the network made of 13 arcs t
Page 45 and 46: 37 and 600 mm per year. Springs and
Page 47 and 48: 39 Agricultural 13.4 4.4 - - Na 17.
Page 49 and 50: Basin: TELLARO Code: 19086 Area: 38
Page 51 and 52: 43 plant: and the Fiumara Grande an
Page 53 and 54: 45 total balance (table 14) of the
Page 55 and 56: 47 Table 15 - Arc length, and eleva
Page 57 and 58: 49 4.5 The Costs of Transshipment T
Page 59 and 60: 51 Figure 16 - Transhipment optimal
Page 61 and 62: 53 general equilibrium between the
Page 63 and 64: 55 6 References Agnew C. and Anders
Page 65 and 66:
57 Commissario Delegato per l'Emerg
Page 67 and 68:
59 Peel M. C., Finlayson B. L., and
Page 69 and 70:
ANNEX A Transportation script MODEL
Page 71 and 72:
ANNEX C Global optimal solution fou
Page 73 and 74:
65 Global optimal solution found. T
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