EuroSDR Projects - Host Ireland

More documents

Recommendations

Info

74 Total relative shape dissimilarity [%] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Espoonlahti All buildings Cybercity Hamburg Stuttgart IGN ICC laser+aerial Nebel+Partner ICC laser C+B Technik FOI outl Modelled buildings FOI FOI2005 Figure 4-16: Total relative shape dissimilarity at Espoonlahti. Cyber-City Stuttgart IGN ICC laser+ aerial Nebel+ Partner ICC laser Delft Aalborg C+B Technik Total relative All 108.4 104.1 96.6 99.7 108.3 89.1 97.5 70.9 97.3 101.1 112.7 building area Modelled 108.2 105.0 97.6 105.4 109.2 101.8 97.8 100.3 97.6 101.1 121.0 Total relative shape dissimilarity All 11.6 10.2 7.2 14.5 13.7 19.9 4.8 34.4 4.9 8.5 52.2 Modelled 11.0 9.4 6.3 9.6 12.9 8.4 4.5 7.2 4.6 8.5 25.0 Table 4-24: Total relative building area and shape dissimilarity at Hermanni in %. Total relative shape dissimilarity [%] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 All buildings Modelled buildings Hermanni Cybercity Stuttgart IGN ICC laser+aerial Nebel+Partner ICC laser Delft Aalborg C+B Technik FOI outl Figure 4-17: Total relative shape dissimilarity at Hermanni. FOI FOI outl FOI
5 Discussion and Conclusions It can be concluded that, presently, photogrammetric techniques and hybrid techniques provide the highest accuracy and level of detail in 3D city reconstruction. Despite the high amount of research during the last decade the level of automation is still relatively low. Improvement in automation can be achieved most significantly by utilising the synergy of laser and photogrammetry. The photogrammetric techniques are powerful for visual interpretation of the area, measurement of the building outlines and of small details (e.g. chimneys), whereas laser scanning gives height, roof planes and ridge information at its best. When the advantages of both methods are implemented in a single system well, high accuracy and a relatively high level of automation can be achieved. In this test, there was only one hybrid system. The quality of the laser scanning data has a significant impact on the accuracy of the fully laser based models. Since pulse density is increasing substantially (even though the novel European Toposys system already had an 83 kHz system in 1997, the PRF of ALS produced by today’s leading manufacturer Optech has almost followed Moore’s Law. In 1995, the PRF was just a few kHz, while today it is 100 kHz) and there are new possibilities to use pulse information (multiple pulse, waveforms), it is expected that the accuracy of the laser based techniques will follow this technical development. The rapid rate of implementation development of laser scanning data can also be seen from the improvement of FOI results during the test. On the other hand, when the study was initiated, the implementation level of the majority of laser-based techniques was low. It can be seen from Table 3-3 (time spent), that thanks to the good implementation of photogrammetric methods, the time spent on these models is not much higher that those of laser scanning. We see, based on the results and development of the last ten years, that - There is a need to integrate laser scanning and photogrammetric techniques in a more advanced way. The accuracy of single height measurements with the laser should be used in the photogrammetric process to increase the automation. There are currently some developments in this field. - The quality improvement of digital camera data will increase the quality of photogrammetric techniques and it will also allow higher automation by using remote sensing methods in the image processing. - The rapid technological development in laser scanning will allow higher accuracies to be obtained by techniques relying only on laser scanning. - Laser scanning allows higher automation needed in the building extraction process. - There is a huge need to implement laser-based techniques into practical working processes. - New algorithmic innovations will emerge in all areas, thanks to digital camera data and laser scanning developments that will increase automation. In order to be able to separate methodological development from development due to improvement of the data, it is recommended to use the same test sites, with old and new aerial data, for future verifications. In practise, the availability of the material (aerial image or laser point clouds) determines significantly what kind of techniques can be used. The costs of laser scanning are significantly higher, although in many cities the material has already been collected. In many cities, building outline information exists as well as some kind of existing 3D models. In future, the challenge is to find the answers to: how existing models are to be updated, how changes are verified and how existing information can be used optimally in a more automatic process. In the project, first pulse data was used for the extraction. It is expected that the use of last pulse and combined use of first and last pulse would lead to improvements. 75
Page 1 and 2:
European Spatial Data Research Nove
Page 3 and 4:
PRESIDENT 2006 - 2008: Stig Jönsso
Page 5 and 6:
H. Kaartinen and J. Hyyppä: EVALUA
Page 7 and 8:
4.3.1 Data and study area..........
Page 9:
2 QUESTIONNAIRES...................
Page 13 and 14:
Abstract The objective of the EuroS
Page 15 and 16:
The analysis of the structural qual
Page 17 and 18:
Figure 2-3: Hermanni test site. Fig
Page 19 and 20:
Espoonlahti Hermanni Senaatti Photo
Page 21 and 22:
2.2 Reference Data 2.2.1 Field Meas
Page 23 and 24:
Used data Time use Laser Aerial Gro
Page 25 and 26: Step 3: Import to CCModeler Figure
Page 27 and 28: Figure 3-4: Sequence of manual phot
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3-8: Workflow of laser scann
Page 31 and 32: Figure 3-11: Parametric building mo
Page 33 and 34: Each group of connected pixels clas
Page 35 and 36: Figure 3-18: Topological points and
Page 37 and 38: Detailed Description (Letters refer
Page 39 and 40: assumption is made: the two longest
Page 41 and 42: Figure 3-25: A 3D building model wi
Page 43 and 44: ICC used the same methods as Nebel
Page 45 and 46: where p75th is the value at the 75
Page 47 and 48: CyberCity Stuttgart Hamburg IGN ICC
Page 49 and 50: CyberCity Hamburg Stuttgart IGN ICC
Page 51 and 52: Height Cyber- City Hamburg Stuttgar
Page 53 and 54: Height Cyber- City Stuttgart IGN IC
Page 55 and 56: Height Cyber- City Stuttgart IGN IC
Page 57 and 58: Height Cyber- City HamburgStuttgart
Page 59 and 60: Height Cyber- City HamburgStuttgart
Page 61 and 62: All targets Eaves Ridges Height IGN
Page 63 and 64: CyberCity achieved a good quality i
Page 65 and 66: Point density, shadowing of trees a
Page 67 and 68: Height accuracy IQR [m] 1.6 1.4 1.2
Page 69 and 70: All Cyber- Ham- ICC laser+ Nebel+ I
Page 71 and 72: All Cyber- HamStutt- ICC laser+ Neb
Page 73 and 74: In building length determination (F
Page 75: degrees, std 6.3 degrees). In Senaa
Page 79 and 80: References Alharthy A. and Bethe, J
Page 81 and 82: Fraser, C.S., Baltsavias, E. and Gr
Page 83 and 84: Khoshelham K., 2004. Building Extra
Page 85 and 86: Sequeira, V., Ng, K., Wolfart, E.,
Page 87 and 88: Index of Figures Figure 2-1: Senaat
Page 89: Index of Tables Table 2-1: Aerial i
Page 92 and 93: 90 Senaatti by Delft. Wireframe mod
Page 94 and 95: 92 Espoonlahti by IGN, with and wit
Page 96 and 97: 94 Senaatti by IGN, with and withou
Page 98 and 99: 96 Hermanni by Aalborg.
Page 100 and 101: 98 CyberCity ICC laser+aerial ICC l
Page 102 and 103: 100 IGN FOI outlines Nebel+Partner
Page 105 and 106: Difference Images, Whole Test Site,
Page 107 and 108: Difference Images, Whole Test Site,
Page 109 and 110: Difference Images, Modelled Buildin
Page 111 and 112: Difference Images, Modelled Buildin
Page 113: EuroSDR-Project Commission 2 “Ima
Page 116 and 117: 2 Project highlights The project Ch
Page 118 and 119: 116 Feature Characteristics Object
Page 120 and 121: New are those combinations that ind
Page 122 and 123: 120 Figure 4-1: Orthophotomosaic fr
Page 124 and 125: 4.1.2 Segmentation The first step o
Page 126 and 127:
124 Class Features Vegetation Ratio
Page 128 and 129:
4.1.4 Change map As the results of
Page 130 and 131:
Two types of changes were assigned
Page 132 and 133:
130 Figure 4-11: Evaluation of chan
Page 134 and 135:
132 Figure 4-13: Orthophotos of stu
Page 136 and 137:
different villages were identified
Page 138 and 139:
136 Figure 4-16: Change maps of Swi
Page 140 and 141:
spectral reflectance. Shadows (blac
Page 142 and 143:
140 Figure 4-19: Change map of Germ
Page 144 and 145:
Figure 4-21: Diagnostics as given b
Page 146 and 147:
144 Automatic Accepted Rejected Hum
Page 148 and 149:
4.4.2 Segmentation, classification
Page 150 and 151:
differentiated very well. The chang
Page 152 and 153:
150 Figure 4-31: Ultracam real-colo
Page 154 and 155:
152 Figure 4-35: Classification of
Page 156 and 157:
154 Figure 4-38: Subset of change m
Page 158 and 159:
5 Conclusions and Outlook In this p
Page 161:
Annex 1 EuroSDR Change Detection Wo
Page 164 and 165:
What is the impact of changing spat
Page 167:
Annex 2 Paper presented at IGARSS05
Page 170 and 171:
covering 2 x 2 km with reference da
Page 172 and 173:
170 Red roof Bright object 0 20 40
Page 175:
Annex 3 EuroSDR CD Workshop Nicosia
Page 178 and 179:
176 method 1 indicates land cover c
Page 181:
Annex 4 Comments on change map by B
Page 184 and 185:
enzen mehr zu erwarten. Doch laut
Page 187 and 188:
Abstract The EuroSDR “Sensor and
Page 189 and 190:
2 Test Sites and Test Data The test
Page 191 and 192:
Figure 3: Data set Fjärdhundra, ag
Page 193 and 194:
The map of Sweden is only available
Page 195 and 196:
3.2 Accounting for Different Acquis
Page 197 and 198:
4 Analysis 4.1 Basic Information In
Page 199 and 200:
4.2.2 Linear Objects Since it is no
Page 201 and 202:
5 Results of Phase I 5.1 Test Site
Page 203 and 204:
5.1.2 Qualitative Comparison In add
Page 205 and 206:
140,0 120,0 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0 20
Page 207 and 208:
5.3 Test Site Oberpfaffenhofen 5.3.
Page 209 and 210:
140,0 120,0 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0 20
Page 211 and 212:
cies in analysis. The following fig
Page 213 and 214:
5.4.2 Qualitative Comparison The ra
Page 215 and 216:
Acknowledgments We thank all partic
Page 217:
Index of Tables Table 1: Contest Ph
Page 221 and 222:
Abstract Roads are important object
Page 223 and 224:
overview over the whole area. We ra
Page 225 and 226:
m and above no longer plays an impo
Page 227 and 228:
3 Test Data and Evaluation Criteria
Page 229 and 230:
and straight enough. • Markus Ger
Page 231 and 232:
Name (best) Test area Completeness
Page 233 and 234:
• ADS40_1 and 2: Results for both
Page 235 and 236:
• Ikonos1_Sub1: This image shows
Page 237 and 238:
Figure 7: Ikonos3_Sub1 - Bacher; co
Page 239 and 240:
Finally, we want to note some impor
Page 241 and 242:
load nor response time for anybody
Page 243:
Zhang, C., 2004. Towards an Operati
Page 246 and 247:
objects, and their cooperation with
Page 248 and 249:
Belgium, provided by their NMCAs. H
Page 250 and 251:
Possibly only parts of images will
Page 252 and 253:
How many people are employed in you
Page 254 and 255:
7. What is the average time differe
Page 256 and 257:
- what is the degree of completenes
Page 259 and 260:
Appendix 3: Questionnaire for Resea
Page 261 and 262:
If others please specify: 2. What d
Page 263 and 264:
Complex crossings (more than 4 road
Page 265 and 266:
Combination of a) or b) with c) [0]
Page 267 and 268:
If yes, using: DTM and / or [2] D
Page 269 and 270:
Appendix 4: General Characteristics
Page 271:
Most important features for practic
Page 274 and 275:
IKONOS The images come from the SI
Page 277:
Appendix 6: Documentation by Beumie
Page 281 and 282:
Appendix 8: Documentation by Zhang
Page 283 and 284:
LIST OF OEEPE/EuroSDR OFFICIAL PUBL
Page 285 and 286:
25 Ducher, G.: Test on Orthophoto a
show all

EuroSDR Projects - Host Ireland

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?