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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE l .Lt THE 16 PARENTAL POLYCYCLICAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS(PAH) ••••••••••••.3 FIGURE2.1.1 THEGREAT LAKEs DRAINAGE BASIN 12 fIGURE 2. 1.2 THE GREAT LAKEs eacena 14 FIGURE 2.1.3 A BAntYMETRICCHART Of lAKE ERlE.•••..•.....•.......•.•...••........•••...•••...•••..•••16 FIGURE 2.1.4 THE PATTERN Of PERMANENT SURfACE CIRCULATION IN lAKE ERIE ••__•.•••••19 FIGURE 2.1.5 THE PATTERN Of PERMANENT BOTIOM CIRCULATION IN THE CENTRAL PART OFlAKEERIE. .._•....•_.............•••.........•........••....••••.•..••.....•.•......•••...••..••...••.....••....•....2I FIGURE 2 .1.6 A TEMPORARY PATt'ERNOf SURFACE ClRCULATlONlNTHECENTRALAND EASTERN PARTS OF lAKE ERIE•..••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••..23 FIGURE 2.1.7 DISl'RIBUllON OF PRESENT-DAY SEDIMENTAnON RAYEs. ..•....•....••••...••....•..26 FIGURE 2.1.8 SUMMER (JULY) AIR AND WATER TEMPEIlAnJRES IN tHE GREAT LAKEs BASIN .28 FIGURE 2.1.9 PRECiPITATION AREA S WITHIN THE GREAT LAKEs BASIN••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••.30 FIGURE 2.1.10 DrSTRIBUllON OF NATURAL RESOURCES(00.. ANDGAS) UNDER AND AROlINO lAKE ERIE ••••••••••••...•••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.••.••.•.••.•.33 FIGURE 2.2.1 THE BORDER BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA• ••••••••••.•.••.•.••••..35 FrGURE 2.2.2 AREAS OF INTENSIVE HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION IN LAKE ERIE •••••••••••••38 FIGURE 2.2.3 AREA S OF INCREASED WASTE DISCHARGES ANDLOCATIONS OF HARBORS AND RNER MOuntS WHICH CAN POTENTlA1.L V SERVE AS PAlHWAVS OFCONTAMINANTS TO THE LACUSTRINE ENVIRONMENT...•.•••••••••.•.•.•••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••.41 FIGURE 3.1.1 LocATIONS OF 23 SITES SAMPLED DURING THE EXPEDmON OF RN LJMNos IN SlIMMEROF 1994 ANDEMPLOYID INTHE PRESENT STIJDV•• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••44 FIGURE 3.1.2 EXTRAC110N ANDPURIF1CATION PROCEDURE ADOPTED INTHESnJDV• •••••..48 FIGURE 3.1.3 AN EXAMPLE OF TOTAL AND SELECTED ION CHROMATOGRAMS OBTAINED FROM GC-MS AND GC-MS-MS ANALVSES •••••••••••••••••••••••.••••.•••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••.53 ix
FIGURE 3.104 CONfIGURATION OF ISOCHROM SERIES D (GC-C-IRMS ) AT BIOGEOCHEMISTRY lABoRATORY IN THE OEPARTMENT OF EARnt S CIENCES OF MEMORIAl. UNIVERSITY•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••5 8 FIGURE 3 .2 . 1 MEAN AND RANGE Of THE COMPOSmONAL RATIOSOf SELECTED PAH IN THE CAR AND fIRE SOOTS AND CRANKCASE all. IDENflFIID ANDCOMPAAED TO UTERA1lJR£ DATA BYO'MA1.LEY (1994)•• .•••.•..•••••••••••••.••••...•.•••••• •••••••••.••••.••••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••••••64 F IGURE 3.2.2 CONTOUR PLOT OF SIGNIFtCANCE OF CORRElATIONS FOR CONCENlllATIONS Of 16 INDIVIDUAL PA H IDENflFtED IN SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM LAKE ERIE••..•.•...••71 FIGURE 3. 2 .3 CONTOUR PLOT Of SIGNIFICANCE OF COIlRELATIONS FOR a ile VAL UES OF 15 [NDIVIDUAL P AH IDENTIFIED IN SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM LAKE ERtE.•••.•.•.•••.••.•••...73 FI GURE 4 . 1. 1 CONCENTRATIONS Of 16 PARDITAL PAH IDENTItlED IN SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM I...AK.E ERIE •....•.•.•••..••••••••••.•••..•.•.••••.•••••.•••••••...•.•••••••.••••••.••••.•.••.•••.••••••••••.•.••••••8 1 F IGURE 4 . 1.1 W EIGHTS OF VARIABLES (COMPOUNDS) IN 3 FlRSTPCS EXTRAcrED BY PeA UTIUZING THE CONCENTRATIONS OF 7 SELECTED PAH (SPATIAL DISTRlBlITlONIMOLECULAR COMPOSmON).•• ••••••.•••••••••••••••••••.••••••••.•.•••.••••••••.••••.••••••85 FIGURE 4 . 1.3 REGRESS ION OF THREE FIRST PCS ON THE PARAMETERSTHEY ARE DEEMED TO REPRESENT (SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION/MOLECULAR COMPOSm ON)•.• .••••.••••••••••••••••.87 FIGURE 4 . 1.4 D ISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLES ALONG 3 FIRST Pes IDENTIFIEDBY PeA urtuzoo CONCENTRATIONS OF 7 SELECTED COMPOUNDS (SPATIAL DISTRIBlITlON/MOLECt../lAR COMPOSmON) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.89 FIGURE4.1 .5 ISOTOPIC COMPOSm ON(a 1J q Of 15 PARENTAL PAH IDENTlfIFD IN SEDlMENf SAMPLES FROM I..AKE ERIE •••••••••••••.••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••.••••••...•••••92 FIGURE 4 .1.6 W EIGHTS OF VARIABLES (COMPO UNDS) IN 3 fIRST PCs EXTRACTED BY PeA urn.IZING a llc VALUES OF 7 SELECTED COMPOUNDS (SPATIAL DlSTRIBUTtONI1SOTOPIC COMPOSm ON)••••.••••••.•••••••••••••.•.•.•..••.•.••••...•.•••.••.••••••••••••.•..••.•••••.••.•••••••••••••••••••••.•••••9 6 FIG L.u4.1 .7 . REGRESSION Of THREE fIRST Pes ON THE PARAMETERSTHEY ARE DEEMED TO REPRESENT (SP ATlAL DISTRIBUTION/ ISOTO PIC COMPOSmON)••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••9 8 x
Page 3: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN
Page 6 and 7: composition. Portions ofthe lake th
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS . ABSTRAcr._._ _
Page 10: 6. CONCLUSIONS_._ _....._._._ _ ._
Page 15 and 16: FIGURE 4 .2.12 SAMPLES AND PROMINEN
Page 17 and 18: fIGURE 5.3.1 DESCR1Pl1VE MODEL OF S
Page 19 and 20: APPENDIX B 3 _ T HEoerwt Of A PtUNC
Page 21 and 22: Ip » Ideno(l,2.3 cd)pyrene NIST =
Page 23: Figure L 1.1 The 16 parental polycy
Page 26 and 27: After release by the primary source
Page 28: decomposition processes (O'Malley e
Page 32: Figure 2.1.1 The Great Lakes draina
Page 35 and 36: ;: Duluth Chicago 1 J Lake Superior
Page 38 and 39: are the Black River, the Cuyaho ga
Page 41: Figure 1.1.5 The pattern of permane
Page 45 and 46: sedimentary basins, Western. Centra
Page 48: Figure 2. 1.8 Summer (July) air and
Page 52: Natural Resources: The lower Great
Page 57 and 58: American waters under the current U
Page 60 and 61: continuously overflowed com bined s
Page 63 and 64:
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL 3. METHODS 3.1.1 S
Page 66 and 67:
Table 3,1.1 Locations and types ofs
Page 68:
Figure 3.12 Extraction and purifica
Page 72 and 73:
hexane. 2) the unsaturated aliphati
Page 75:
this problem. Ratios ofthe two stab
Page 78:
Figure 3. 1.4 Configuration ofIsoch
Page 82 and 83:
3.2.1 UNl- AND BIVAJUATE METHODS Th
Page 84:
f igure 3.2. 1 Mean and range (± s
Page 87 and 88:
utilized the same instrument (Isoch
Page 90 and 91:
Selecting lIt1J'iahlu: It was demon
Page 92 and 93:
w- _ 71
Page 95 and 96:
seven variables with fewer missing
Page 97 and 98:
analysis also employed a greate r n
Page 99:
description. The second cluster ana
Page 104 and 105:
elationships between different site
Page 107:
Figure 4.1.3 Regression ofthree fir
Page 112:
Figure 4.[.5 Isotopic composition (
Page 116:
Figure 4.1.6 Weights ofvariables (c
Page 120:
Figure 4.1.8 Distri bution ofsample
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those at the majority ofstations. S
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Ion, 969, 971, 357, 358). In additi
Page 129:
Figure 4.2.3 Samples and prominent
Page 132 and 133:
analysis supported some ofthc previ
Page 135 and 136:
, ", Is , , >\ ryr " II ,- - , I ,
Page 137 and 138:
11'
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sources (Fi g. 4.2 .5c). This compo
Page 143:
Figure 4.2.7 The relative contribut
Page 146 and 147:
".1.1.2 Miring CllrIIU (isotopic co
Page 149:
Figure 42.9 Samples and promin ent
Page 153:
Page 157:
Figure 4.2. 13 Samples and prominen
Page 161:
Page 165:
Page 168 and 169:
It is difficult to differentiate be
Page 170 and 171:
Figure 4.2.18 Weights ofvariables (
Page 172:
Figure 42.19 Distribution ofsamples
Page 175 and 176:
5.1 SPATIAL DI STRIBUTION s. DISCUS
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f igure 5.1.1 Zones coinciding with
Page 180:
f igure 5. 1.2 Average and range (
Page 184:
Figure 5.1.4 Zones (clusters) in th
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Figure 5.1.5 Direction ofthe mean s
Page 191 and 192:
The location ofthe third station at
Page 193:
Figure 5.1.7 Station locations and
Page 197:
Page 201 and 202:
5.1.4 and Section 4.1.2). This clus
Page 204:
Figure 5.1.1 1 Statioo locations an
Page 208 and 209:
unaffected by the contaminated flow
Page 211 and 212:
this station is die clo$esf to the
Page 213 and 214:
samples and sources (Fig. 52.1 and
Page 216 and 217:
There is yet another observation po
Page 218 and 219:
with the relative contribution ofdi
Page 221 and 222:
Table S.l.1 Six dusters identified
Page 224 and 225:
the three previous ly identified zo
Page 226:
Page 229 and 230:
contribution from petroleum related
Page 231 and 232:
(Fig. 4.2.7). Finally. this site co
Page 233 and 234:
Snow melt and sewer releases seem t
Page 235 and 236:
importance ofcombustion-derived PAR
Page 237 and 238:
Intens ity o(degradation (the South
Page 239 and 240:
where this importance is somewhat r
Page 241:
Figure 5.2.5 Station tocatices andz
Page 244 and 245:
:2 for molecular composition assume
Page 247 and 248:
ange of Slatistica1 variat ion of t
Page 249:
Figure 5.].1 Descriptive model ofso
Page 252 and 253:
conveyed into the river through dir
Page 254 and 255:
molecular composition. Its applicat
Page 256 and 257:
Canton L. and Grimal t 1. O. (1992)
Page 258 and 259:
Howell E. T., Marvin C. H., Bilyea
Page 260 and 261:
Olson F. C. W. (l950) The currents
Page 263 and 264:
Willett P. (1981) Similarity and cl
Page 266:
t Apprndb AI. [cout.) bl S,.lioD A<
Page 271 and 272:
Appendill A6. The two-component mas
Page 273:
Appendix A7. (cont.) Xl. = X llVt r
Page 277:
• ass
Page 281:
Appendix 82. (cont.)
Page 285:
Appendix IU. (cant.) oj Tue Dec 24
Page 290:
AppendiI C3. (cont.) Coo c.eo lrati
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I'r - Memorial University of Newfoundland

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