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l' Appendix AS. Characteristic PAil ratios and other criteria commonly used in the sources identilication procedure. 1:",S-ring PAH Unresolved Complex Mixture (UCM) Biodegraded petroleum Acenaphthene (Ae) Combustion-specific PAH Predominance of parental ",S-ring PAil is indicative of combustion . Fluoranthene/Pyrene (FalPy) FalPy ratios greater than unity are associated with combustion sources and predominance of Py is commonly associated with petroleumsources' . Benro(b)nuoranthene/BenlO(e)Pyrene BeP is associated with high petroleum inputs . BbF/BeP Benzo(a)pyrcnelBenzo(e)pyrene Predominance of BaP is characteristics of combustion sources'. BaPI8eP Perylene(Per) Per chieflyoriginates from diagenesis , PyreneIPerylene(PylPer) Py/Per ratio greater than W1ity is indicative of anthropogenic source. of PAH usemblage'. 'ARcr O'Malley, 1994 1After Yunker and MacDonald, 1995
Appendill A6. The two-component mass balance model employed in the source ident ification procedure. (After O'Malley, 1994.) The relative conlribution from combustion and petroleum-related sources to a sample can be estimated using a two co mponent mass balance model; • where r f... t= I ,-, A = Compo und ofinterest k = Sources of inte rest f = fractiona l contribution of A from k To solve this equation uniquel y. only two major contributors should be cons idered at a time. For example. "C ar soots" and "fire soots" can be combined into a "combustion source". while all petro leum-related sources can be considered as a "petroleum source". Then to calculate the relative contribution from eac h source to formation of, for instance Fa. one should solve the equation using .sOC values for Fa in sample and both end- members ; 249
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POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN
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composition. Portions ofthe lake th
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TABLE OF CONTENTS . ABSTRAcr._._ _
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6. CONCLUSIONS_._ _....._._._ _ ._
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FIGURE 3.104 CONfIGURATION OF ISOCH
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FIGURE 4 .2.12 SAMPLES AND PROMINEN
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fIGURE 5.3.1 DESCR1Pl1VE MODEL OF S
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APPENDIX B 3 _ T HEoerwt Of A PtUNC
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Ip » Ideno(l,2.3 cd)pyrene NIST =
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Figure L 1.1 The 16 parental polycy
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After release by the primary source
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decomposition processes (O'Malley e
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Figure 2.1.1 The Great Lakes draina
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;: Duluth Chicago 1 J Lake Superior
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are the Black River, the Cuyaho ga
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Figure 1.1.5 The pattern of permane
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sedimentary basins, Western. Centra
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Figure 2. 1.8 Summer (July) air and
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Natural Resources: The lower Great
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American waters under the current U
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continuously overflowed com bined s
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3.1 EXPERIMENTAL 3. METHODS 3.1.1 S
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Table 3,1.1 Locations and types ofs
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Figure 3.12 Extraction and purifica
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hexane. 2) the unsaturated aliphati
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this problem. Ratios ofthe two stab
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Figure 3. 1.4 Configuration ofIsoch
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3.2.1 UNl- AND BIVAJUATE METHODS Th
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f igure 3.2. 1 Mean and range (± s
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utilized the same instrument (Isoch
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Selecting lIt1J'iahlu: It was demon
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w- _ 71
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seven variables with fewer missing
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analysis also employed a greate r n
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description. The second cluster ana
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elationships between different site
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Figure 4.1.3 Regression ofthree fir
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Figure 4.[.5 Isotopic composition (
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Figure 4.1.6 Weights ofvariables (c
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Figure 4.1.8 Distri bution ofsample
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those at the majority ofstations. S
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Ion, 969, 971, 357, 358). In additi
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Figure 4.2.3 Samples and prominent
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analysis supported some ofthc previ
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, ", Is , , >\ ryr " II ,- - , I ,
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11'
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sources (Fi g. 4.2 .5c). This compo
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Figure 4.2.7 The relative contribut
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".1.1.2 Miring CllrIIU (isotopic co
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Figure 42.9 Samples and promin ent
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Figure 4.2. 13 Samples and prominen
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It is difficult to differentiate be
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Figure 4.2.18 Weights ofvariables (
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Figure 42.19 Distribution ofsamples
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5.1 SPATIAL DI STRIBUTION s. DISCUS
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f igure 5.1.1 Zones coinciding with
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f igure 5. 1.2 Average and range (
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Figure 5.1.4 Zones (clusters) in th
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Figure 5.1.5 Direction ofthe mean s
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The location ofthe third station at
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Figure 5.1.7 Station locations and
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Figure 5.1.8 Station locations and
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5.1.4 and Section 4.1.2). This clus
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Figure 5.1.1 1 Statioo locations an
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unaffected by the contaminated flow
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this station is die clo$esf to the
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samples and sources (Fig. 52.1 and
Page 216 and 217: There is yet another observation po
Page 218 and 219: with the relative contribution ofdi
Page 221 and 222: Table S.l.1 Six dusters identified
Page 224 and 225: the three previous ly identified zo
Page 226: Figure 5.2.4 Station locations and
Page 229 and 230: contribution from petroleum related
Page 231 and 232: (Fig. 4.2.7). Finally. this site co
Page 233 and 234: Snow melt and sewer releases seem t
Page 235 and 236: importance ofcombustion-derived PAR
Page 237 and 238: Intens ity o(degradation (the South
Page 239 and 240: where this importance is somewhat r
Page 241: Figure 5.2.5 Station tocatices andz
Page 244 and 245: :2 for molecular composition assume
Page 247 and 248: ange of Slatistica1 variat ion of t
Page 249: Figure 5.].1 Descriptive model ofso
Page 252 and 253: conveyed into the river through dir
Page 254 and 255: molecular composition. Its applicat
Page 256 and 257: Canton L. and Grimal t 1. O. (1992)
Page 258 and 259: Howell E. T., Marvin C. H., Bilyea
Page 260 and 261: Olson F. C. W. (l950) The currents
Page 263 and 264: Willett P. (1981) Similarity and cl
Page 266: t Apprndb AI. [cout.) bl S,.lioD A<
Page 273: Appendix A7. (cont.) Xl. = X llVt r
Page 277: • ass
Page 281: Appendix 82. (cont.)
Page 285: Appendix IU. (cant.) oj Tue Dec 24
Page 290: AppendiI C3. (cont.) Coo c.eo lrati
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