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Canton L. and Grimal t 1. O. (1992) Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) cha racterization ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in polluted coastal sediments. J. ofChromatogr. 607, 279-286. Carter D . S. and Hites R. A. ( 1992) Fate and transport ofDetroit River derived pollutants throughout Lake Erie. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(7), 1333- 1341. Carter T. R. (1992 ) Oil andgas exploration.drilling and production summary 1988 (Oil and Gas Paper 11). Ontario Ministry ofNatural Resourc es, Toronto. Cernigl ia C. E. (199 1) Biodegradation oforganic contaminants in sediments : Overview and examples with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In Organic substances and sediments in water , Vol. J. (Edited by Baker R. A.), pp. 267-281. Lewis, Chelsea. Colborn T. E., Davidson A., Green S. N ., Hodge R. A., Jackson C. I. and LiroffR. A. ( 1990 ) Great Lakes. great legacy? The Conversation Foundation, Washington. DeAngelis D. G., Ruffm D. S. and Bcmik R. B. ( 1980) Preliminary characterization of emissions from woodfired residential combustion. EPA-600I7-80-040, Washington. Dastillung M. and Albrecht P. (1977) Molecular lest for oil pollution in surface sed ime nts. Mar. Poliut. Bllff. 7, 13- [5. Davis J. C . ( 1973) Statisncs and data analysis in geology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Eadie B. J., Faust W. R., Gardner W. S. and Nalepa T. (1982) Polycyc lic aromatic hydroc arbons in sediments and associated benthos in Lake Erie. Chemosphere 11(2), [85- 19 1. Eadie B. J. (t984) Distribution ofpolycyclic hydrocarbons in the Great lakes. In Toxic contaminants in the Great Lakes, Vol. 14 (Edited by Nriagu J. O. and Simmons M . S.). pp - 195-211. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Eadie B. J., Robbins J. A., Faust W. R and Landrum P. F. (1991) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and pore wate rs ofthe lower Great Lakes: Reconstruction ofa regi onal benzo(a)pyrene sourc e function . In PAHin sediments andpore were-s, Vo l. 2. (Edited by Baker R. A.), pp. 171- 189. Lewis, Chelsea. Ehrhardt M. G., Klungsoyr 1. and Law R. 1. ( 199 1) Hydrocarbons: Review of methods for an alysis in sea water, biota and sed iments. Tech. Mar. Environ. Sci. 12, 1-41.
Einsenreich S. J. and Strachan W. M. J. ( 1992) Estimating atmospheric tkposition of toxic substances to the Great Lakes. Environment Canada, Burlington. Farrington J. W. and Tripp B. W. (1915) A comparison ofanalysis methods for hydroc arbons in surface sediments. [n Marine Chemistry in lhe Coastal Environmenl (Edited by Ch urch T. M.l. pp. 269·289. American Chemical Society, Washington. Freedman P. A., G illyon E. C. P., and Jumeeu, E. J. (1988) Design and application of a new instrument for GC-isotope ratio MS. Am. lab. 8, 114-119. Freeman K. H. and Cattell F. C. R. ( 1990 ) Woodbuming as a source ofPAH. Environ. Sci. Techno/. 24, 158 1·1585. Freeman K. H. ((99 1) The carbon isotopic composition of individual compounds from ancient and modem depositional environments. Ph.D. Thesis, Univers ity ofIndiana. Fuller K.• and Shear H.(Ecis) ( 1995) An environmental alias and resource book. Government ofCanada, Toronto. Ga liani J.. Lick W.• Ziegler C. K. and Endicott D. (1996) Development and calibration of a fine-grained sediment transport model for the Buffalo river. J. Great Lakes Res. 22(3), 765-718. Giger W. and Schaffner C. ( 1978 ) Determinations ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment by glass capillary gas chromatography. Anal. Chem. 50(2). 243 249. Gri malt 1., Martil C. and Ablaiges J. (1984) Analysis ofhydrocarbon in aquatic sediments, I. Sampling, handling andextraction. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 18, 183- 194. Grimme r G., Jacob J., Naujack K. W. and Dettbam G. (198 3) Profile of the polycyclic aromatic cc mpcunds emitted from brown-coal-fired residential stoves by GC-MS. Ana/. Chem. 55,892.900 . Ham blin P. F. (1971) Ctrculauon and waleI' movemenl in Lalee Erie (Scientific Series No.7). Depanment of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. Howarth R. J. and Sinding-Larsen R. ( 1983) Multivariate analysis. In Statistics and Data Analysis in geochemical prospecling. Handb ookofExploran·on Geochemistry Vol. 2 (Edited by Howarth R. J.), pp. 207·289. Elsevier. Amsterdam.
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POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN
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composition. Portions ofthe lake th
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TABLE OF CONTENTS . ABSTRAcr._._ _
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6. CONCLUSIONS_._ _....._._._ _ ._
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FIGURE 3.104 CONfIGURATION OF ISOCH
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FIGURE 4 .2.12 SAMPLES AND PROMINEN
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fIGURE 5.3.1 DESCR1Pl1VE MODEL OF S
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APPENDIX B 3 _ T HEoerwt Of A PtUNC
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Ip » Ideno(l,2.3 cd)pyrene NIST =
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Figure L 1.1 The 16 parental polycy
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After release by the primary source
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decomposition processes (O'Malley e
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Figure 2.1.1 The Great Lakes draina
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;: Duluth Chicago 1 J Lake Superior
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are the Black River, the Cuyaho ga
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Figure 1.1.5 The pattern of permane
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sedimentary basins, Western. Centra
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Figure 2. 1.8 Summer (July) air and
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Natural Resources: The lower Great
Page 57 and 58:
American waters under the current U
Page 60 and 61:
continuously overflowed com bined s
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3.1 EXPERIMENTAL 3. METHODS 3.1.1 S
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Table 3,1.1 Locations and types ofs
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Figure 3.12 Extraction and purifica
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hexane. 2) the unsaturated aliphati
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this problem. Ratios ofthe two stab
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Figure 3. 1.4 Configuration ofIsoch
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3.2.1 UNl- AND BIVAJUATE METHODS Th
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f igure 3.2. 1 Mean and range (± s
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utilized the same instrument (Isoch
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Selecting lIt1J'iahlu: It was demon
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w- _ 71
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seven variables with fewer missing
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analysis also employed a greate r n
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description. The second cluster ana
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elationships between different site
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Figure 4.1.3 Regression ofthree fir
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Figure 4.[.5 Isotopic composition (
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Figure 4.1.6 Weights ofvariables (c
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Figure 4.1.8 Distri bution ofsample
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those at the majority ofstations. S
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Ion, 969, 971, 357, 358). In additi
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Figure 4.2.3 Samples and prominent
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analysis supported some ofthc previ
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, ", Is , , >\ ryr " II ,- - , I ,
Page 137 and 138:
11'
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sources (Fi g. 4.2 .5c). This compo
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Figure 4.2.7 The relative contribut
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".1.1.2 Miring CllrIIU (isotopic co
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Figure 42.9 Samples and promin ent
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Figure 4.2. 13 Samples and prominen
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Page 165:
Page 168 and 169:
It is difficult to differentiate be
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Figure 4.2.18 Weights ofvariables (
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Figure 42.19 Distribution ofsamples
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5.1 SPATIAL DI STRIBUTION s. DISCUS
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f igure 5.1.1 Zones coinciding with
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f igure 5. 1.2 Average and range (
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Figure 5.1.4 Zones (clusters) in th
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Figure 5.1.5 Direction ofthe mean s
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The location ofthe third station at
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Figure 5.1.7 Station locations and
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Figure 5.1.8 Station locations and
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5.1.4 and Section 4.1.2). This clus
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Figure 5.1.1 1 Statioo locations an
Page 208 and 209: unaffected by the contaminated flow
Page 211 and 212: this station is die clo$esf to the
Page 213 and 214: samples and sources (Fig. 52.1 and
Page 216 and 217: There is yet another observation po
Page 218 and 219: with the relative contribution ofdi
Page 221 and 222: Table S.l.1 Six dusters identified
Page 224 and 225: the three previous ly identified zo
Page 226: Figure 5.2.4 Station locations and
Page 229 and 230: contribution from petroleum related
Page 231 and 232: (Fig. 4.2.7). Finally. this site co
Page 233 and 234: Snow melt and sewer releases seem t
Page 235 and 236: importance ofcombustion-derived PAR
Page 237 and 238: Intens ity o(degradation (the South
Page 239 and 240: where this importance is somewhat r
Page 241: Figure 5.2.5 Station tocatices andz
Page 244 and 245: :2 for molecular composition assume
Page 247 and 248: ange of Slatistica1 variat ion of t
Page 249: Figure 5.].1 Descriptive model ofso
Page 252 and 253: conveyed into the river through dir
Page 254 and 255: molecular composition. Its applicat
Page 258 and 259: Howell E. T., Marvin C. H., Bilyea
Page 260 and 261: Olson F. C. W. (l950) The currents
Page 263 and 264: Willett P. (1981) Similarity and cl
Page 266: t Apprndb AI. [cout.) bl S,.lioD A<
Page 271 and 272: Appendill A6. The two-component mas
Page 273: Appendix A7. (cont.) Xl. = X llVt r
Page 277: • ass
Page 281: Appendix 82. (cont.)
Page 285: Appendix IU. (cant.) oj Tue Dec 24
Page 290: AppendiI C3. (cont.) Coo c.eo lrati
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