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156 Mayor of London Making waste work in London The Mayor’s Draft Business Waste Management Strategy by plants many millions of years ago, and this has increased its concentration in the atmosphere by some 12 per cent over the past century. It contributes about 60 per cent of the potential global warming effect of man-made emissions of greenhouse gases. Char is the product of partially burned biomass. The modern source of char is from a process called pyrolysis. In this process, biomass is heated to the point where volatile gases and liquids are driven off and condensed into a product call bio-oil. What remains is almost pure carbon, called char with a varying ash content that depends on the type of biomass used. Climate change An increase in the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, leads to an enhanced greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere absorb outgoing infrared radiation from the earth surface (terrestrial radiation) causing some heat to be retained. This greenhouse property of the atmosphere acts as a natural blanket over the earth’s surface making it warmer than it would otherwise be. Without this effect the Earth’s surface would be 20 to 30°C colder and much less suitable for life. However, changing the greenhouse properties of the atmosphere will lead to changes in the earth’s radiative energy budget (the balance between incoming energy from the Sun and outgoing energy from the Earth), which leads to a global warming and as a consequence will affect other aspects of the Earth’s climate. Clinical Waste Waste which consists of human or animal tissue, bodily fluids, pharmaceuticals, sharps etc. and any waste arising from medical, dental, veterinary or similar practices. Closed-Loop Recycling is when a material is recycled and returned to a similar state and use as when it was first consumed, for example, when container glass is collected, sorted, reprocessed back into cullet and manufactured back into container glass. Combined Cooling, Heat and Power The combined production of electricity and usable heat is known as Combined Cooling, Heat and Power (CCHP). Steam or hot water, which would otherwise be rejected when electricity alone is produced, is used for space or process heating. Co-mingled Recycled materials that are collected together and are recycled following further sorting. Commercial Waste Waste arising from premises which are wholly or mainly for trade, business, sport, recreation or entertainment as defined in Schedule 4 of the Controlled Waste Regulations 1992. Composting The biological degradation of organic materials, such as green garden and organic kitchen waste, in the presence of oxygen
Making waste work in London The Mayor’s Draft Business Waste Management Strategy Mayor of London 157 producing gas and residue suitable for use as a soil improver (see anaerobic digestion, central composting and home composting). Construction, Demolition and Excavation Waste Waste arising from the construction, repair, maintenance and demolition of buildings and structures, including roads or produced from excavation, such as trenching to form foundations. It consists mostly of brick, concrete, hardcore, subsoil and topsoil, but it can contain quantities of timber, metal, plastics and occasionally hazardous waste materials. Conventional incineration The controlled burning of waste in the presence of sufficient air to achieve complete combustion. The heat is used to produce electricity and sometimes provide district heating. Unsorted waste is fed onto a, usually inclined, grate and burnt as it moves through the furnace. Plants are generally large-scale, having an annual capacity of 100,000 tonnes or more. Electricity generated in conventional incineration plant is not eligible for Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs). The term ‘conventional incineration’ is used in this strategy to refer specifically to this type of process as distinct from other thermal treatment processes such as pyrolysis or gasification processes. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) No universally acceptable definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) exists, but the World Business Council for Sustainable Development defines it as 'the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as the local community and society at large'. It is the ethical behaviour of a company towards society. Duty of Care The Duty of Care (Section 34 of the Environmental Protection Act 1990) places a general duty on waste producers (or anyone else with responsibility for waste) to take all reasonable steps to keep their waste safe. If they transfer their waste to someone else, they must ensure that that person is authorised to take it and can transport, recycle or dispose of it safely. The duty of care does not apply to waste produced by householders in their own homes. End of Life Vehicles (ELV) are motor vehicles that fall into the category of ‘waste’ as defined by the Waste Directive. Their components are also classed as waste. The UK has now implemented the European End of Life Vehicles Directive, which introduces producer responsibility for achieving certain recycling targets as well as environmental standards for the storage and treatment of ELVs. Energy efficiency This is about making the best or most efficient use of energy in order to achieve a given output of goods or services,
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