Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio

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In France and Spain, the Mediterranean corn borer Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) causes additional economic damage. Between 2 and 4 million ha maize in Europe suffer from economic damage due to these corn boring pests. Other Lepidoptera from the family Noctuidae include cutworms (Agrotis spp.) and the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.), which cause problems more in the central and southern countries. Among Coleoptera, wireworms (Agriotes spp., Elateridae) are reported to cause damage in all European regions. The western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte), a chrysomelid beetle that is considered most destructive for maize production in the USA with crop losses up to 90%, caused economic damage in Hungary and other central and eastern European countries. Diabrotica v. virgifera was first detected in Europe in 1992 and has been invading the continent. Populations of this pest have established in southwest Poland, southwest Germany and the Po Valley (see Figure 4). Population management in infested areas as well as eradication programs in regions where populations have not been established, (e.g. in Germany, France and the UK) help to delay the spread of this pest. Economic damage remained low until 2007, but yield losses of about 2–3% were estimated at national level for Italy in 2009. Wesseler & Fall 5 assess the potential damage costs of the invasive species Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Dvv.) in Europe under a ‘no control’ scenario. They project economic benefits of control range between 143 million Euro in the best case and 1739 million Euro in the worst case scenario. Sap sucking pests, like aphids (Aphididae) and leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), as well as the frit fly (Oscinella frit L.) cause limited economic damage, despite being widespread and regularly occurring all over Europe. Other pests of regional importance include armyworms such as Pseudaletia unipuncta Haworth (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Diptera species such as Delia platura (Meig.), Geomyza spp. and Tipula spp., Coleoptera species such as Oulema melanopus L., Glischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say), Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll. and Melolontha melolontha L., spider mites (Tetranychus spp.) and thrips (Thysanoptera). Since 2005, problems with Lepidoptera pests including S. nonagrioides, H. armigera and Agrotis spp. were observed to increase (Meissle et al., 2010). It has been speculated that populations may have been expanding because of warmer climatic conditions. With the increased cultivation of maize, O. nubilalis populations have been expanding since 1965 in Central, Northern and Eastern Europe. Unlike Diabrotica v. virgifera, the other pest species remained fairly constant, even though increases may have occurred in some regions with favourable conditions (soil, rainfall, cropping sequence, etc.). One such example is the wireworm Agriotes sordidus, which increased in France. Table 5: Maize – main European pests in specific regions (N: north, NE: northeast) (Sources: a Endure; b Afdeling Duurzame Landbouwontwikkeling – ADLO; c Maiskomitee; d FSE; e EuropaBio member company; f Meissle et al., 2010) Zone Member State Main pest species A North Denmark a, f Coleoptera: Agriotes spp. Estonia Diptera: Oscinella frit Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp. Sternorrhyncha: Aphids Finland - Latvia Lithuania Sweden - B Austria - - - - 5 J. Wesseler & E. H. Fall (2010) Potential damage costs of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera infestation in Europe – the ‘no control’ scenario J. Appl. Entomol. 134, 385–394 Page 14 of 64
Zone Member State Main pest species Centre Belgium b Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; (Diabrotica virgifera; around airport) C South Diptera: Oscinella frit Sternorrhyncha: Aphids (e.g. Metopolophium dirhodum) Others: nematodes; slugs Czech Republic e Coleoptera: Agriotes spp. Diptera: Oscinella frit Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp. Sternorrhyncha: Aphids Germany c, f Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Diptera: Oscinella frit Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp.; Ostrinia nubilalis; Helicoverpa armigera Sternorrhyncha: Aphids (e.g. Metopolophium dirhodum) Others: Nematodes (e.g. Pratylenchus penetrans; Ditylenchus dipsaci); Auchenorrhyncha (Zyginidia scutellaris) Hungary a, f Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Tanymecus dilaticollis Diptera: Oscinella frit Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp.; Ostrinia nubilalis; Helicoverpa armigera Sternorrhyncha: Aphids Ireland Others: Auchenorrhyncha (Zyginidia scutellaris) Luxembourg - the Netherlands a, f Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; (Diabrotica virgifera; around airport) Diptera: Oscinella frit Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp. Sternorrhyncha: Aphids Poland a Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Diptera: Oscinella frit Lepidoptera: Agrotis spp.; Helicoverpa armigera; Ostrinia nubilalis; Romania e Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Tanymecus dilaticollis Slovakia e Lepidoptera: Ostrinia nubilalis Coleoptera: Agriotes spp.; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Diptera: Oscinella frit Slovenia - The United Kingdom d Bulgaria - Cyprus - Lepidoptera: Ostrinia nubilalis; Helicoverpa armigera Sternorrhyncha: Aphids (e.g. Metopolophium dirhodum) Others: non-specific soil pests; molluscs France a, e, f Coleoptera: Agriotes spp. Diptera: Oscinella frit Page 15 of 64
Page 1 and 2: Baseline i
Page 3 and 4: 1 Introduction Under the current Eu
Page 5 and 6: 3 Maize cultivation in Europe 3.1 C
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3: Grain maize production by
Page 9 and 10: Zone Member State Maize type 2010 2
Page 11 and 12: Zone Member State Number of holding
Page 13: Zone Member State Main weed species
Page 17 and 18: Figure 4: Distribution of Diabrotic
Page 19 and 20: 4 Preparation 4.1 Seeds Breeding go
Page 21 and 22: Table 7 provides an overview of mat
Page 23 and 24: Insecticides are included in seed t
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Page 25 of 64
Page 27 and 28: Zone Member State Use Tillage B Cen
Page 29 and 30: • In Germany the Fertilisation Or
Page 31 and 32: Zone Member State Use Sowing dates
Page 33 and 34: Table 14: Chemical weed control (pr
Page 35 and 36: Zone Member State -: no data availa
Page 37 and 38: Zone Member State Use Insecticides
Page 39 and 40: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 41 and 42: Integrated pest management (IPM) pr
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5: European Irrigation Map (
Page 45 and 46: Table 20: Irrigation of maize in Bu
Page 47 and 48: Zone Member State Region grain maiz
Page 49 and 50: Table 21: Irrigation methods and so
Page 51 and 52: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 53 and 54: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 55 and 56: The main overall objective of EU wa
Page 57 and 58: Zone Member State Use Harvest date
Page 59 and 60: 7 Consulted sources The following t
Page 61 and 62: Křístková M., 2010, Experience w
Page 63 and 64: Bayerischer Bauernverband; http://w
Page 65 and 66:
Wageningen UR Livestock Research ht
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