Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio

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Zone Member State Use Seed use (1,000 kernels/ha) C South Plant density (1,000/ha) the Netherlands Not specified c 84-127 80-110 Poland - - Romania Not specified g 15-25 kg/ha - Slovakia - - Slovenia - - the United Kingdom -: no data available Not specified h Grain k 100-130 95 Bulgaria - - Cyprus - - - 80-90 France Not specified 110 Bretagne a SW f : 70-73 deep soil, 85 on sandy soil, 80-85 on alluvial soil Greece - - Italia - - Portugal Grain j Silage j Spain Grain j 5.2 Crop protection 5.2.1 Weed management Silage j 70-80 70-80 80-100 75-95 70-80 70-80 80-100 75-95 Weeds are controlled with herbicides in all European regions on more than 90% of the maize production area. The importance of the area treated with herbicides as well as the average number of herbicide applications per field and are shown in Table 14. Weed control is usually done by 2 applications of herbicides, the first time after sowing before the maize seedlings emerge (preemergence) and a second time at the 3-8 leaf stage (post-emergence). A broad range of active ingredients has been used in Europe, including ureas, triazine, pyridine, benzoylcyclohexanedione, amide, oxazole, aromatic acid and nitrile herbicides. Examples of approved herbicide to use in maize in some countries of the EU are shown in Table 15 and Table 16. Rotation of modes of actions is a key tool to manage weed resistance and is recommended in many stewardship programmes to prevent the development of resistance to commonly used herbicides. Alternatively, mechanical cultivation is practised pre-emergence combined with a chemical application later in the season (Maïshandboek, Endure) (Finke et al., 1999). Also, mechanical methods are used after emergence between the rows to lower the amount of active ingredient sprayed in the row. Mechanical weed control in maize has been practiced in several European countries including Italy, France, Spain and Hungary. For example in the Netherlands, 90% of the conventional farm area was managed with mechanical weed control between 2000 and 2005 because of a political program providing subsidies. Tools are also available to remove weeds within rows, but this practice is rarely used any more. Weeds with rhizomes cannot be eliminated mechanically. In general, tillage systems without soil inversion rely more on efficient herbicide use. Page 32 of 64
Table 14: Chemical weed control (pre-emergence & post-emergence) in specific regions (E: east part of the country, N: north, NE: northeast, SW: southwest, W: west) (Sources: b Endure; c Maïshandboek; d Bayern, Sortenversuch Silomais / Körnermais; e Anpromis website; f FERA; g FSE; h EuropaBio member company) Zone Member State A North B Centre Use Treated area (% of cultivated maize area) Preemergence (average number of applications per field) Preemergence active ingredients Denmark Not specified 97% 0.1 2.3 Postemergence (average number of applications per field) Estonia - - - - - Finland - - - - - Latvia - - - - - Lithuania - - - - - Sweden - - - - - Austria - - - - - Belgium - - S-metolachlor Czech Republic Dimethanamid- P Isoxaflutole (IFT) Linuron Flufenacet Terbuthylazine Pendimethalin Pethoxamid Postemergence active ingredients - Cycloxydim Dicamba Dimethylammonium Flufenacet Foramsulfuron Terbuthylazine Mesotrione dimethenamid -P Fluroxypyr Florasulam Topramezone S-metolachlor Bentazon Bromoxynil Pyridate Nicosulfuron Rimsulfuron Sulcotrione Pethoxamid Not specified h Not known yes - yes - Germany Not specified 90% SW 0.2 S-metolachlor 0.9 2,4-D Silage/Grain Dimethanamid -P Dicamba Fluroxypyr Pethoxamid Sulcotrione Flufenacet Mesotrione Pendimethalin Tembotrione Aclonifen Bentazon Isoxaflutole Pyridate (IFT) Bromoxynil Terbuthylazine Terbuthylazine Metosulam Nicosulfuron Foramsulfuron Rimsulfuron Cycloxydim d 100% - 1-3 Hungary Not specified 100% E 95% W 0.3 0.3 - 1 1.1 Ireland - - - - - - Page 33 of 64
Page 1 and 2: Baseline i
Page 3 and 4: 1 Introduction Under the current Eu
Page 5 and 6: 3 Maize cultivation in Europe 3.1 C
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3: Grain maize production by
Page 9 and 10: Zone Member State Maize type 2010 2
Page 11 and 12: Zone Member State Number of holding
Page 13 and 14: Zone Member State Main weed species
Page 15 and 16: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 17 and 18: Figure 4: Distribution of Diabrotic
Page 19 and 20: 4 Preparation 4.1 Seeds Breeding go
Page 21 and 22: Table 7 provides an overview of mat
Page 23 and 24: Insecticides are included in seed t
Page 25 and 26: Table 10. Page 25 of 64
Page 27 and 28: Zone Member State Use Tillage B Cen
Page 29 and 30: • In Germany the Fertilisation Or
Page 31: Zone Member State Use Sowing dates
Page 35 and 36: Zone Member State -: no data availa
Page 37 and 38: Zone Member State Use Insecticides
Page 39 and 40: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 41 and 42: Integrated pest management (IPM) pr
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5: European Irrigation Map (
Page 45 and 46: Table 20: Irrigation of maize in Bu
Page 47 and 48: Zone Member State Region grain maiz
Page 49 and 50: Table 21: Irrigation methods and so
Page 51 and 52: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 53 and 54: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 55 and 56: The main overall objective of EU wa
Page 57 and 58: Zone Member State Use Harvest date
Page 59 and 60: 7 Consulted sources The following t
Page 61 and 62: Křístková M., 2010, Experience w
Page 63 and 64: Bayerischer Bauernverband; http://w
Page 65 and 66: Wageningen UR Livestock Research ht

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