Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio

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Table 10: Mineral content (in kg/ha/tonne) in grain maize (Source: Maiskomitee) Nutrient Grain maize at 86% dry weight Grain Straw N 12-16 5-9 P2O5 6-11 5-7 K2O 4-6 15-25 MgO 2-3 2-4 CaO 2-3 5-7 Nitrogen is generally the most limiting nutrient for maize and is the most frequent applied fertiliser, sometimes fractionated (before sowing and later in the growing season). Phosphorous uptake may be problematic early in the season due to cold weather. Phosphorous is applied in the row to facilitate uptake. With farmyard manure to satisfy the nitrogen requirement soils often do not need a phosphorous fertilizer. Potassium is applied as a whole at soil cultivation. Maize is not sensitive to micronutrient deficiencies. Farmers usually base their calculations for the optimum fertilisation on soil analyses from samples taken in winter and during the crop season. Several <strong>information</strong> services provide models and advice to calculate the right dose of fertilisers to apply in the field as this may differ from one field to another. Examples are: Kennisakker (the Netherlands); Bodemkundige Dienst van België (Belgium); Arvalis (France); and at the Landwirtschaftskammern 16 (Germany). UK farmers may use the PLANET 3 software to generate recommendations and the ‘Tried & Tested nutrient management plan’ together with the guidelines issued by DEFRA 17 . Table 11 gives some examples of amounts of applied fertilisers as found in several publications and on internet sites. These figures only give a rough idea at the best. Each individual field will require a tailor-made fertilisation taking into account several factors. Table 11: Maize soil preparation in relation to tillage (options, complemented with relative importance % of cultivated maize area), examples for fertiliser (N: nitrogen, P: phosphorus, K: potassium) and soil application of insecticides, possibly specified per region (E: east part of the country, N: north, NE: northeast, SW: southwest, W: west) (Sources: a average figures, from Agreste; b Endure; c Finke et al., 1999; d ILVO; e Maïshandboek, figures for P2O5 will go down in the coming years (55-85 for 2013); f Baden-Württemberg ‘Umweltgerechte Landbewirtschaftung‘; g h Baden-Württemberg ‚Silomais Sortenversuche‘; Bayern, Sortenversuch Silomais; i IRTA/AGPME for Catalonia; j Ministry of Agriculture (MADR); k Recommended in Micskei et al., 2010; l Anpromis website; m EuropaBio member companies) Zone Member State Use Tillage A North Denmark Not specified 10% no ploughing Fertiliser (kg/ha) 150 N 0% Estonia - - - Finland - - - Latvia - - - Insecticides (% applied of the cultivated area) 16 E.g. Nordrhein-Westfalen: http://www.nmin.de/nminnrw/ 17 http://www.planet4farmers.co.uk/ http://www.nutrientmanagement.org/ http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/waterquality/diffuse/nitrate/help-for-farmers.htm Page 26 of 64
Zone Member State Use Tillage B Centre Lithuania Fertiliser (kg/ha) - - - Sweden - - - Austria - - - Belgium Silage - 275 N d , or 260 N on sand (170 N from manure) 50-85 P2O5 220 K2O Czech Republic - - - Germany Not specified Ploughing b Hungary Silage Direct seeding Superficial, without turning the soil Direct/mulch seeding f 15-20% no plough 100 N b 180-200 N c 40-50 P 140-250 K 103 P2O5 f 292 K2O f 110 P2O5 250 K2O 101-184 N g 0-110 P2O5, 0-180 K2O 90-200 N g 90-200 N g 150 N b 130 N 132 N, 76 P2O5, 150K2O k Ireland - - - Luxembourg - - - the Netherlands Not specified Sometimes direct seeding in SE b 10% no ploughing Poland Not specified 10% no ploughing 185 N b 140-185 N e 75-85 P2O5 e 0-300 K2O e Romania Grain 70-110 N g Insecticides (% applied of the cultivated area) - 0% SW b 50% E b 60% W b 0% b 120 N b 0% SW b 60-80 P2O5 40-80 K 20-40 tonnes/ha organic manure Slovakia - - - Slovenia the United Kingdom - - - - - - Page 27 of 64
Page 1 and 2: Baseline i
Page 3 and 4: 1 Introduction Under the current Eu
Page 5 and 6: 3 Maize cultivation in Europe 3.1 C
Page 7 and 8: Figure 3: Grain maize production by
Page 9 and 10: Zone Member State Maize type 2010 2
Page 11 and 12: Zone Member State Number of holding
Page 13 and 14: Zone Member State Main weed species
Page 15 and 16: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 17 and 18: Figure 4: Distribution of Diabrotic
Page 19 and 20: 4 Preparation 4.1 Seeds Breeding go
Page 21 and 22: Table 7 provides an overview of mat
Page 23 and 24: Insecticides are included in seed t
Page 25: Table 10. Page 25 of 64
Page 29 and 30: • In Germany the Fertilisation Or
Page 31 and 32: Zone Member State Use Sowing dates
Page 33 and 34: Table 14: Chemical weed control (pr
Page 35 and 36: Zone Member State -: no data availa
Page 37 and 38: Zone Member State Use Insecticides
Page 39 and 40: Zone Member State Main pest species
Page 41 and 42: Integrated pest management (IPM) pr
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5: European Irrigation Map (
Page 45 and 46: Table 20: Irrigation of maize in Bu
Page 47 and 48: Zone Member State Region grain maiz
Page 49 and 50: Table 21: Irrigation methods and so
Page 51 and 52: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 53 and 54: Irrigation methods Zone Member Stat
Page 55 and 56: The main overall objective of EU wa
Page 57 and 58: Zone Member State Use Harvest date
Page 59 and 60: 7 Consulted sources The following t
Page 61 and 62: Křístková M., 2010, Experience w
Page 63 and 64: Bayerischer Bauernverband; http://w
Page 65 and 66: Wageningen UR Livestock Research ht

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