Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio
Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio
Baseline information on agricultural practices in the EU ... - Europabio
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Active<br />
<strong>in</strong>gredient<br />
HRAC<br />
classificati<strong>on</strong><br />
France Germany Spa<strong>in</strong> Italy<br />
Pyridate C3 LENTAGRAN LENTAGRAN LENTAGRAN<br />
Bromoxynil C3 Various Various Various Various<br />
Terbuthylaz<strong>in</strong>e C1 No CLICK CUNA CLICK<br />
Nicosulfur<strong>on</strong> B MILAGRO MOTIVEL ELITE GHIBLI<br />
Foramsulfur<strong>on</strong> B EQUIP MAISTER EQUIP<br />
Rimsulfur<strong>on</strong> B TITUS CATO TITUS TITUS<br />
Cycloxydim A STRATOS ULTRA FOCUS ULTRA STRATOS ULTRA<br />
5.2.2 Pest management<br />
Seed treatment (see 0 -: no data available<br />
Seed treatment) protects <strong>the</strong> crop at sow<strong>in</strong>g aga<strong>in</strong>st soil <strong>in</strong>sects (usually comb<strong>in</strong>ed with protecti<strong>on</strong><br />
aga<strong>in</strong>st diseases).<br />
The maize area treated with soil <strong>in</strong>secticides was highest <strong>in</strong> France (32–42%) and Hungary (50–60%)<br />
Table 11). At present, comm<strong>on</strong>ly used active <strong>in</strong>gredients <strong>in</strong> France and Hungary <strong>in</strong>clude tefluthr<strong>in</strong> and<br />
cypermethr<strong>in</strong>. In France, carbofuran, carbosulfan and benfuracarbe were used until 2009. The ma<strong>in</strong><br />
targets of seed treatments and soil <strong>in</strong>secticides <strong>in</strong> most regi<strong>on</strong>s are wireworms.<br />
Dur<strong>in</strong>g plant growth <strong>in</strong>secticides are sprayed if needed and this is usually restricted to <strong>on</strong>e applicati<strong>on</strong><br />
(Table 17). Foliar <strong>in</strong>secticides are used predom<strong>in</strong>antly <strong>in</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rn and central Europe. The most<br />
comm<strong>on</strong>ly used active <strong>in</strong>gredients <strong>in</strong> spray <strong>in</strong>secticides are pyrethroids and organophosphates, but<br />
oxadiaz<strong>in</strong>e, nicot<strong>in</strong>oid, carbamate, and diflubenzur<strong>on</strong> were also used (Table 18) (Endure, 2009).<br />
An alternative to <strong>the</strong> chemical c<strong>on</strong>trol is <strong>the</strong> biological c<strong>on</strong>trol by means of <strong>in</strong>sects such as <strong>the</strong> parasite<br />
wasp Trichogramma spp. to biologically c<strong>on</strong>trol O. nubilalis and H. armigera (Table 18). Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore<br />
crop rotati<strong>on</strong> is effective. Sex pherom<strong>on</strong>es can be utilised for mat<strong>in</strong>g disrupti<strong>on</strong> of stem borers.<br />
Table 17: Maize – use of <strong>in</strong>secticides and fungicides <strong>in</strong> <strong>on</strong> plant sprays <strong>in</strong> specific regi<strong>on</strong>s (E: east<br />
part of <strong>the</strong> country, N: north, NE: nor<strong>the</strong>ast, SW: southwest, W: west) (Sources: b Endure; c<br />
Maiskomitee ; d FERA; e EuropaBio member companies)<br />
Z<strong>on</strong>e Member State Use Insecticides<br />
(% of cultivated maize<br />
area)<br />
A<br />
North<br />
B<br />
Centre<br />
Denmark Not specified 5% 1<br />
Est<strong>on</strong>ia - -<br />
F<strong>in</strong>land - -<br />
Latvia - -<br />
Lithuania - -<br />
Sweden - -<br />
Austria - -<br />
Belgium - -<br />
Insecticides<br />
(number of<br />
applicati<strong>on</strong>s)<br />
Czech Republic e Not specified Yes, not specified Yes, not specified<br />
Germany Not specified 35% SW b<br />
0.02% over all c<br />
Hungary Not specified 40% E b<br />
20% W<br />
Ireland - -<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
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